The Cistercian Evolution: The Invention of a Religious Order in Twelfth-Century Europe

407 Pages·2010·23.99 MB·English

by  Constance Hoffman Berman

The Cistercian Evolution
The Middle Ages Series
Ruth Mazo Karras, Series Editor
Edward Peters, Founding Editor
A complete list of books in the series is available from the publisher.
The Cistercian Evolution
The Invention of a Religious
Order in Twelfth-Century Europe
Constance Hoffman Berman
PENN
University of Pennsylvania Press
Philadelphia • Oxford
Copyright © 2000, 2010 University of Pennsylvania Press
All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations used for purposes of review or scholarly
citation, none of this book may be reproduced in any form by any means without written
permission from the publisher.
Published by
University of Pennsylvania Press
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4112
Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 21
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Berman, Constance H.
The Cistercian evolution: the invention of a religious order in twelfth-century
Europe / Constance Hoffman Berman
p. cm. — (The Middle Ages Series)
Includes bibliographical references and index
ISBN 978-0-8122-2102-8
i. Cistercians—France, Southern-History. 2. Monasticism and religious orders-
France, Southern—History—Middle Ages, 600-1500. I. Title.
BX3431 .B461999
271'.12—dc2i 99-048399
To David and Benjamin
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Contents
List of Tables and Illustrations ix
Preface xi
1. Twelfth-Century Narratives and Cistercian Mythology i
2. Charters, "Primitive Documents," and Papal Confirmations 46
3. From Cîteaux to the Invention of a Cistercian Order 93
4. Charters, Patrons, and Communities 161
5. Rewriting the History of Cistercians and Twelfth-Century
Religious Reform 221
Appendix One: Chronological Summary 237
Appendix Two: "Primitive Documents" Manuscripts:
Relevant Contents 242
Appendix Three: Southern-French Cistercian Abbeys by
Province and Diocese 246
Appendix Four: Calixtus II Documents from 1119 and 1120 251
Appendix Five: Restored 1170 Letter from Alexander III 255
List of Abbreviations 258
Notes 261
Bibliography 323
Index 359
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Tables and Illustrations
Tables
1. Sequencing "primitive document" manuscripts 60
2. References to "Cistercians" or ordo: Silvanes, Valmagne,
Grandselve, Berdoues 72
3. Expenditures: Gimont, Silvanes, Nonenque, Valmagne 192
Illustrations
Le Vignogoul at a distance Frontispiece
1. "Primitive documents" in context 4
2. Senanque, Silvacane, and le Thoronet, plans 25
3. Senanque, exterior from distance 26
4. Senanque, nave looking east 27
5. Senanque, south aisle 28
6. Locations of southern-French architectural remains 29
7. Fontfroide, plan 30
8. Fontfroide, exterior from east 31
9. Fontfroide, cloister from northwest roof 32
0o. Fontfroide, cloister capitals 33
11. Saint-Felix, exterior from north 34
12. Saint-Felix, plan 34
13. Saint-Felix, southern portal and earlier church 35
14. Saint-Felix, nave 36
15. Fabas, exterior, portal 37
16. Fabas, exterior, north side 37
17. Goujon, exterior, portal 38
18. Goujon, exterior, north side 38
19. Relationship of "primitive document" manuscripts 5 7