The Chinese Communist Party During the Cultural Revolution: The Case of the Sixty-One Renegades (St. Antony's)

277 Pages·2002·0.84 MB·English

by  Pamela Lubell

The Chinese Communist
Party and the Cultural
Revolution
The Case of the Sixty-One Renegades
Pamela Lubell
Lubell/97906/paj 16/11/01 5:55 pm Page 1
St Antony’s Series
General Editor: Richard Clogg(1999– ), Fellow of St Antony’s College,
Oxford
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The Chinese Communist
Party and the Cultural
Revolution
The Case of the Sixty-One Renegades
Pamela Lubell
The Harry S. Truman Research Institute for the Advancement of Peace
The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
in association with
St. Antony’s College, Oxford
Lubell/97906/paj 16/11/01 5:55 pm Page 4
© Pamela Lubell 2002
All rights reserved.No reproduction,copy or transmission of
this publication may be made without written permission.
No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced,copied or
transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with
the provisions of the Copyright,Designs and Patents Act 1988,
or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying
issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency,90 Tottenham Court
Road,London W1T 4LP.
Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this
publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil
claims for damages.
The author has asserted her right to be identified
as the author of this work in accordance with the
Copyright,Designs and Patents Act 1988.
First published 2002 by
PALGRAVE
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Companies and representatives throughout the world
PALGRAVEis the new global academic imprint of
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ISBN 0–333–91955–6
This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and
made from fully managed and sustained forest sources.
A catalogue record for this book is available
from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Lubell,Pamela,1949–
The Chinese Communist Party and the Cultural Revolution:
the case of the sixty-one renegades / Pamela Lubell.
p.cm.– (St.Antony’s series)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0–333–91955–6
1.Zhongguo gongchandang–History.I.Title.II.Series.
JQ1519.A5 L796 2001
324.251’075’09046–dc21
2001046006
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02
Printed and bound in Great Britain by
Antony Rowe Ltd,Chippenham,Wiltshire
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For Miriam (Mimi) Feldman
and in memory of Sam Feldman
with love and respect
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Contents
Acknowledgements ix
Abbreviations xi
Introduction 1
1 1936: On the Eve of War and Freedom 20
The common enemy 22
The CCP in northern China 28
An organizational shambles 32
An, Yang, Bo and Liu under arrest 39
Beijing under threat 45
The party and the students 47
Risk assessment: Song, Liu and the sixty-one 49
2 Release from the Guomindang Prison, 1936 52
Caolanzi prison 53
The roles of Liu Shaoqi and Zhang Wentian 67
Into the great wide open: Shanxi 1936–43 73
Cadre screening 79
Yan’an, 1943–45 85
3 Levers of Power: Careers 1949–66 94
Dossier access 98
Liu Lantao and the Central Control Commission 101
An Ziwen and the Organization Department 106
Yang Xianzhen and the Party School 118
Bo Yibo: heavy power 123
Summary 135
4 Prison Again – the CCP Version 138
1–12 August 1966: the Eleventh Plenum of the Eighth
Central Committee 140
Revving Up: Kang Sheng’s role, August–September 1966 142
Zhou Enlai’s role in November 1966: shoring up the
defence 145
vii
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viii Contents
December 1966 to February 1967 147
Official condemnation: March–May 1967 151
Spreading the net 154
Winding up the case 158
5 Rehabilitating the Sixty-One 161
Rehabilitation policy and balance-of-power politics
in the early 1970s 163
May 1975: a brief spring thaw 166
A barely changing climate 168
Hu Yaobang and rehabilitation policy 170
1978: the COD acts 173
Muted tones of rehabilitation 176
The sixty-one rehabilitated 179
The CDIC and the CAC 181
Bo Yibo: post-Cultural Revolution 182
Remembrance 186
6 A Prejudiced Conclusion 190
Appendix: The Sixty-One 196
Notes and References 197
Bibliography 233
Index 253
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Acknowledgements
I would like to express my gratitude to the following foundations and
institutions for their generous support: the Polonsky Foundation; the
Louis Freiberg Research Fund for East Asian Studies; The Dean’s Office,
Faculty of Humanities at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and the
Dean himself, Professor Yair Zakovitch; the Minerva Center for Human
Rights at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and last but not least,
my second home, the Harry S. Truman Institute for the Advancement
of Peace. I would like to thank the Warden and Fellows of St Antony’s
College, Oxford and those who awarded me the Israeli Junior Research
fellowship (1998–9) for a wonderfully peaceful and academically fruit-
ful year.
I am indebted to those who have read parts or all of this book in the
various stages of its evolution: Professors Lyman P. Van Slyke, Frederick
Teiwes, Vera Schwarcz, Michael Schoenhals, Thomas Kampen, Irene
Eber, Harold Z. Schiffrin, Ellis Joffe, Yitzhak Shichor, Theodore Friedgut,
Norman Rose and Eyal Ben-Ari. I thank them and the anonymous
readers for their perspicacious comments and suggestions. Both Michael
Schoenhals and Thomas Kampen generously volunteered documents
that were most helpful. The book’s failings are my own.
I would also like to thank the academic and administrative staff at
the Truman Institute and the former and current chief librarians: Cecile
Panzer and Tirzah Margolioth. My thanks in particular to the Institute’s
East Asia librarian, Riccardo Schwed, for his ever-gracious assistance.
Librarian Nancy Hearst at Harvard University’s John King Fairbank
Centre for East Asian Research was tremendously helpful, not only
responding promptly to my many requests, but also furnishing me with
additional enlightening materials. Many thanks to Lin Qian, Zhang
Hunbo, Weijia Dukes (all at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem) and
Kan Shio-yun (at the Institute for Chinese Studies, Oxford) for their
invaluable research and translation assistance. I am very grateful to
those involved in the editing and production of this book: Helen
Simpson, Keith Povey, Rosalind Duke; and at Palgrave: Josie Dixon,
Alison Howson, Peter Dent and Anthea Coombs.
On a more general note, I would like to acknowledge my debt to my
mentors at Hebrew University. Professors emeritus Harold Z. Schiffrin,
founding father (along with Avraham Altman) of East Asian studies in
ix