The Chemistry Knowledge for Firefighters

710 Pages·2022·22.645 MB·English

by  Torsten Schmiermund

Torsten Schmiermund
The Chemistry
Knowledge
for Firefighters
The Chemistry Knowledge for Firefighters
Torsten Schmiermund
The Chemistry Knowledge
for Firefighters
TorstenSchmiermund
Frankfurta.M.,Germany
ISBN978-3-662-64422-5 ISBN978-3-662-64423-2 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-64423-2
This book is a translation of the original German edition „Das Chemiewissen für die Feuerwehr“ by
Schmiermund,Torsten,publishedbySpringer-VerlagGmbH,DEin2019.Thetranslationwasdonewith
thehelpofartificialintelligence(machinetranslationbytheserviceDeepL.com).Asubsequenthuman
revisionwasdoneprimarilyintermsofcontent,sothatthebookwillreadstylisticallydifferentlyfroma
conventionaltranslation.SpringerNatureworkscontinuouslytofurtherthedevelopmentoftoolsforthe
productionofbooksandontherelatedtechnologiestosupporttheauthors.
#Springer-VerlagGmbHGermany,partofSpringerNature2022
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Foreword
Who does not remember with horror the chemistry lessons in school - all a bit
suspect. Bang and blast was already interesting - but the backgrounds much too
exhausting!Andthenyoubecomeafirefighter,hopingtohearnomoreaboutitall-
andthenitcomesback!Fromburningandextinguishingtohazardousmaterialsand
radioactivity-again,chemistryiseverywhere.ButIwanttobeafirefighter-nota
chemist!True,butunderstandingthecraftofbeingafirefighterinvolveschemistry,
andevenmorechemistryifyouwanttoadvancetotheleadershipranks.Thenyou
can’tdoitwithoutasolidbasicknowledgeofchemistry!Nowwouldbeagoodtime
to have a handy book to refer to! Everything that can happen to a firefighter with
regard to chemistry should be in it, and if possible, then also in understandable
language and of course related to the areas of application of the firefighter - and
pleaseofcoursetechnicallycorrect!
I think, dear readers, you have such a thing in your hands! When I first leafed
through it, I found almost every topic that has had any significance in my long
firefightingliferegardingchemistry!AndIevenunderstoodwhatitsaid!
Ihopeyoufeelthesameway!Inyourhandyouhavenowachemistrybookfor
the firefighter that is good to use for learning and understanding, but also for
referencelateron.Itwouldbeniceifeveryinstructorforthefamous4/ ofadditional
5
knowledgetotheir1/ materialtheyhavetoteachcouldusethisbookasaguide,and
5
ifyoucouldfinditinthelibraryofanyfiredepartmentthattakestheirjobseriously.
Ihopeyouenjoyreading.
Berlin,Germany FriederKircher
vv
Foreword
What?Anotherchemistrybook?Thereareenoughchemistrybooksoutthere-aren’t
there?
Yes-andno.
Therearebooksongeneral,analytical,inorganic,organic,physicalandtechnical
chemistry, textbooks, reference works, dictionaries, encyclopaedias, data and for-
mula collections and table books, works on reaction mechanisms and theoretical
chemistry, on principles,reactions, syntheses andmuch more.Thereare chemistry
booksforbeginners,fortrainees,forpupils,for“dummies”,forstudents,fordoctors,
for biologists, for interested people and for engineers; in other words, for almost
everyone.
Butonlyalmost:Ifafirefighterwantsto/hastoresearch“chemicaltopics/issues”,
he often hasonly two options: The use of pure firefightingliterature or research in
(chemistry) reference books or the Internet. The first option may not be able to
explaineverythingasonewouldlike-e.g.forthepreparationofalesson-andwith
thesecondoptionittakesalotoftimeuntilonehasfound“therightthing”.
Thatiswhythisbookwascreated.Itisintendedtobeahelpandareferencebook
for all those who pursue the “most beautiful hobby in the world” throughout their
entire firefighting career. From the basic fire brigade course to the platoon leader
course and beyond that for all (specialist) courses on “NBC topics” or on “special
dangersincivilprotection”.
Thebookisintendedforthevolunteerfiredepartments,theprofessionalandplant
firedepartmentsandallinterestedpartiesofotheraidorganizations.Itissuitablefor
theparticipantsinacourseandtheinstructorsaswellasanaidforthepreparationof
regulartrainingandcontinuingeducation.
FrankfurtamMain,Germany TorstenSchmiermund
June2018
vviiii
Foreword to the English edition
Originally, the book was written for the fire brigades/fire services in Germany and
the German-speaking countries. It therefore contains some regulations based on
Germanlaws,regulationsandstandingorders.
Nevertheless,chemistryandphysicsapplythroughoutthewholeuniverse.
Therefore,astheauthor,Iamsurethatthisbookhasabenefitforallfirefighters
internationally.Nomatterwhethertheyareatthebeginningoftheirtrainingorhave
been“inthebusiness”formanyyears.
I wish all readers much enjoyment with this book and an always healthy return
fromtheiremergencyoperations.
FrankfurtamMain,Germany TorstenSchmiermund
September2021
ix
Thank You
Iwouldliketothankeveryonewhohashelpedmewiththisbookproject.Firstofall,
tomytestreadersfortheircommitmentandthevaluablecommentsandsuggestions
I received. In particular, I would like to thank: Erika F., Karen H., Angelika K.,
ChristianK.,KyraL.,BerndN.,MartinR.,JohannaSt.andespeciallyLarsH.
SpecialthankstoBeateRocholzandFelicitas“Cean”Schmiermundforcreating
variousillustrations.
From the publisher (Springer) I would like tothank Ms.Lerchfor herpatience,
Ms. Fallert-Müller for her meticulous review of the manuscript, and Mr. Münz for
hissupport.
The biggest thank you, however, goes to my wife Irene, who has supported me
tirelesslyandinmanyways.
TorstenSchmiermund
June2018
FrankfurtamMain
xi
Contents
PartI Introduction
1 TheNaturalSciences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1 DifferentiationoftheNaturalSciences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 DifferentiationofPhysicalandChemicalProcesses. . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 WhatAreThese“Substances”?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4 Models. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2 SubstancesandMixtures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1 SubstanceSeparation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2 ElementandConnection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.3 SubstancePropertiesofInteresttotheFireBrigade. . . . . . . . . 15
PartII FormsofStatesofMatter
3 AggregateStates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.1 HeatTransport. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.2 ChangeoftheStateofAggregation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.3 ImportantSafety-RelatedValues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.4 SpecificHeatCapacityandLatentHeats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4 Gases. .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . 59
4.1 IdealGas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
4.2 PressureandTemperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
4.3 Boyle-MariotteLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.4 LawofAmontons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4.5 LawofGay-Lussac. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4.6 GeneralGasEquation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
4.7 AvogadroTheorem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.8 UniversalGasEquation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.9 StandardConditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
4.10 PartialPressures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
4.11 Diffusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.12 RealGases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
xxiiiiii
xiv Contents
PartIII AtomicModelsandPeriodicTable
5 AtomsandAtomicShell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
5.1 DevelopmentoftheAtomicTheory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
5.2 StructureoftheAtomicShell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
5.3 StructureoftheAtomicNucleus. .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. 91
5.4 ParticlesintheAtom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
5.5 AtomicMassUnits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
6 ThePeriodicTable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
6.1 EarlyTrials. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 101
6.2 PeriodicTableAccordingtoMendeleev&Meyer. . . . . . . . . . 102
6.3 StructureofthePeriodicTable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
6.4 RepresentationoftheElectronConfiguration. . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
6.5 PeriodicProperties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
6.6 MainGroupsofthePeriodicTable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
6.7 SubgroupElements/d-Elements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
6.8 RareEarths/f-Elements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
6.9 ObliqueRelationship. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
6.10 MetalsinthePTE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
PartIV Molecules,Ions,Bonds
7 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
7.1 MoleculePresentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
7.2 Notation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
7.3 TheValenceStrokeFormula. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
7.4 OtherFormulaNotations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
8 Bonds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
8.1 StrongBonds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
8.2 WeakBondings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
8.3 OtherTypesofBondsinSolids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
PartV SolutionsandChemicalReactions
9 ChemicalReactions:Fundamentals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
9.1 BasicLaws. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
9.2 Reactions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
10 Solutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
10.1 BasicInformationontheDissolvingBehaviour. . . . . . . . . . . . 171
10.2 CompositionofMixedPhases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
10.3 ReactionsinSolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
10.4 ChemicalReactionsDuringtheDissolvingProcess. . . . . . . . . 191