The Celtic World

865 Pages·1995·30.15 MB·English

by  Miranda Green

THE CELTIC WORLD
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THE CELTIC WORLD
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Edited by
J.
Miranda Green
London and New York
First published 1995
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
First published in paperback in 1996
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
270 Madison Ave, New York NY 10016
Reprinted 1996
Transferred to Digital Printing 2005
Routledge is an International Compa'!}
© 1995, 1996 Selection and editorial matter, Miranda J. Green
© 1995, 1996 Individual chapters, the contributors
Typeset in Stempel Garamond by
Florencetype Ltd, Stoodleigh, Devon
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be
reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any
electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter
invented, including photocopying and recording, or in
any information storage or retrieval system, without
permission in writing from the publishers.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
ISBN 0-415-05764-7 (hbk)
ISBN 0-415-14627-5 (Pbk)
CONTENTS
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List of illustrations VIII
List of contributors xv
Preface XXI
Miranda J. Green
PART I: CELTIC ORIGINS
I Introduction: who were the Celts? 3
Miranda]. Green
2 The Early Celts: the evidence of language 8
D. Ellis Evans
3 The Celts through classical eyes 21
David Rankin
PART II: WARRIORS AND WARFARE
4 The army, weapons and fighting 37
J.N. G. and w.F. Ritchie
5 Fortifications and defence 59
Ian Ralston
PART III: SOCIETY AND SOCIAL LIFE
6 Power, politics and status
Timothy Champion
7 Appearance, life and leisure 95
Glenys Lloyd-Morgan
8 Celts and Romans: towards a Romano-Celtic society
121
Barry C. Burnham
PART IV: SETTLEMENT AND ENVIRONMENT
9 People and nature in the Celtic world 145
Martin Bell
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10 The first towns
John Collis
I I Rural life and farming
Peter J. Reynolds
PART V: THE ECONOMY
12 Resources and industry 213
Peter S. Wells
13 Trade and exchange 230
Peter S. Wells
14 Coinage 244
Daphne Nash Briggs
I 5 Celtic seafaring and transport 254
Sean McGrail
PART VI: TECHNOLOGY AND CRAFTSMANSHIP
16 The technology of metalwork: bronze and gold
Peter Northo'l.Jer
17 Ironworking in the Celtic world 310
w.H. Manning
18 Wood and the wheelwright 321
Stuart Piggott
19 The art of the potter
Alex Gibson
PART VII: THE ART OF THE CELTS
20 The nature and function of Celtic art 345
Ruth and Vincent M egaw
2 I The social implications of Celtic art: 600 Be to AD 600
Martyn Jope
22 Jewellery and adornment 41 I
Sara Champion
PART VIII: PAGAN CELTIC RELIGION
23 Ritual and the druids
Anne Ross
24 Sanctuaries and sacred places 445
Jane Webster
25 The gods and the supernatural
Miranda J. Green
26 Burial and the Otherworld
Gerald A. Wait
VI
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PART IX: THE CELTS IN EUROPE
27 The Celts in Italy 515
Otto-Herman Frey
28 The Celts in Spain 533
Majolie Lenerz-de Wilde
29 The Celts in France 552
Olivier Biichsenschiitz
30 Celts of eastern Europe
Elizabeth Jerem
31 Celts and Germans in the Rhineland
Colin Wells
PART X: ON THE EDGE OF THE WESTERN WORLD
32 The Celtic Britons under Rome
Graham Webster
33 Ireland: a world without the Romans
Barry Raftery
34 The early Celts in Scotland
Euan W. MacKie
35 The early Celts in Wales
Jeffrey L. Davies
PART XI: CELTIC BRITAIN POST AD 400
36 Language and society among the Insular Celts 400-1000
Thomas Charles-Edwards
37 Early Christianity and its monuments 737
Mark Redknap
38 Mythology and the oral tradition: Ireland
779
Proinsias Mac Cana
39 Mythology and the oral tradition: Wales
Sioned Davies
PART XII: THE SURVIVAL OF THE CELTS
40 Language and identity in modern Wales 795
Wynne Lloyd
41 The Celtic languages today
Glanville Price
Index
VII
ILLUSTRATIONS
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0.1 Territories occupied by Celts XXIV
4.1 Gaulish chieftains 39
4.2 La Gorge Meillet, Marne 41
4·3 Warrior panoply 45
4·4 Warrior burial 50
5-l Rampart lines relative to topography 62
p Multiple built faces of murus duplex construction 63
5-3 Variant usages of wood in iron age defences 65
5·4 Vitrified wall experiment at Aberdeen 67
5-5 Southern ramparts at Maiden Castle, Dorset 69
5.6 Aerial photo of Durn Hill, near Portsoy, Scotland 70
5·7 Reconstruction model of timber-built defences, Mont Boubier, Belgium 72
5.8 Aerial photo of Tap 0' Noth, Grampian Region, Scotland 73
5·9 Aerial photo of Ness of Bargi promontory fort and blockhouse,
Shetland Islands, Scotland 74
5.10 Aerial photo of La Chaussee Tirancourt, Somme, France 77
7.1 The Dying Gaul and his wife 96
7.2 Ie Guerrier de Grezan 97
7·3 Celtic warrior 99
7·4 Distance slab from Bridgeness, West Lothian 100
7·5 Lindow Man 102
7.6 Head of a young girl 105
7·7 La Tene III period rich burial 107
7.8 Recreation of a scene from the sub-Roman period 108
7·9 Iron age chariot burial 109
7.10 Castor-ware beaker with hunting scene 110
8.1 Reconstruction of third-century Silchester 122
8.2 Aerial photo of courtyard villa complex, Warfusee-Abencourt, Picardy 123
8·3 Relief of Mercury and Rosmerta, Gloucester 125
8·4 Native resistance or romanization? 127
8·5 Rural settlement in the Nene valley 128
8.6 Introductions and innovations in British agriculture 130
vIn
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8·7 Percentages of ox, sheep/goat and pig bones from Roman sites in
Britain 137
9.1 Vegetation types in Europe 2,000 years ago 148
9.2 Woodland clearance in northern England IF
10.1 Location of sites mentioned by Julius Caesar in Gaul 160
10.2 The oppidum of Manching 162
10·3 Villeneuve-Saint-Germain, Soissons, showing dividing ditches 166
10·4 Villeneuve-Saint-Germain, Soissons, showing palisaded enclosures 167
10·5 Defended sites larger than 30 ha of the second to first century Be 171
10.6 Generalized plan showing density of traded Mediterranean objects
in central and western Europe 172
10·7 Distribution of leather and textile working from Manching 173
11.1 Replica of Donneruplund ard 178
11.2 Rock carving of cattle pulling ard, Bohuslan, Sweden 181
11.3 Butser Ancient Farm, nr Chohon, Hampshire 184
11.4 Emmer wheat at harvest time 186
11.5 Four-post overhead granaries under construction 193
11.6 Round-house at Pimperne Down 196
12.1 Principal sites mentioned in Chapters 12 and 13 214
12.2 Distribution of late iron age grindstones in northern Bohemia 215
12·3 Distribution of graphite-clay pottery and of graphite-clay 217
12·4 Manufactured goods, Grave 35, Steinbichl cemetery, Manching, Bavaria 219
12·5 Cooking pot and jars, Manching 221
12.6 Manufactured goods, Grave I, Steinbichl cemetery 222
13.1 Distribution of Greek amphorae on the shores of the
Mediterranean 232
13.2 Distribution of Etruscan bronze Schnabelkannen 233
13·3 Distribution of late La Tene painted pottery 235
13·4 Distribution of implements used in minting coins 237
15.1 Atlantic Europe 255
15.2 Gold model boat from Diirrnberg 256
IH Gold model boat from Broighter 257
15·4 Relief of boat on monument 258
15-5 Coin of Cunobelin 259
15.6 Model of Hasholme boat 262
15·7 Zwammerdam barge during excavation 268
15.8 Blackfriars boat I during excavation 270
15·9 Cross-Channel trade routes 275
17.1 Iron artefacts from deposit at Llyn Cerrig Bach, Anglesey 316
18.1 Reconstruction model of chariot 326
19.1 Pottery of middle bronze age Deverel-Rimbury tradition 329
19.2 Early bronze age food vessel 331
19·3 Burnishing marks 333
19·4 Scoring, incision and tooling on iron age vessels 335
19·5 Fingertip impressions, tooling and dot-stabs 336
19.6 Impressions and incisions of varying types on vessels 337
IX