The Cavaliers in Exile 1640–1660

262 Pages·2003·0.821 MB·English

by  Geoffrey Smith (auth.)

The Cavaliers in Exile,
1640–1660
Geoffrey Smith
The Cavaliers in Exile
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The Cavaliers in Exile
1640–1660
Geoffrey Smith
© Geoffrey Smith 2003
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2003
All rights reserved.No reproduction,copy or transmission of this
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The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this
work in accordance with the Copyright,Designs and Patents Act 1988.
First published 2003 by
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New York,N.Y.10010
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PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave
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European Union and other countries.
ISBN 978-1-349-51071-9 ISBN 978-0-230-50547-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1057/978-0-230-50547-6
This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully
managed and sustained forest sources.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Smith,Geoffrey,1938–
The cavaliers in exile,1640–1660 / Geoffrey Smith.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978 -1–4039–1168–1
1. Great Britain – History – Puritan Revolution,1642–1660. 2.
Royalists – Great Britain – History – 17th century. 3. British – Europe
– History – 17th century. 4. Exiles – Europe – History – 17th century.
I. Title.
DA406.S6 2003
941.06¢3 – dc21
2003053577
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03
Contents
Preface vi
List of Abbreviations vii
Map: Western Europe in the 1650s: places frequented by
exiled Cavaliers ix
Prologue: Escape from Dover Castle x
Part I Flight
1 A Sad and Long Exile 3
2 Court Papists and Army Plotters 8
3 To Go Beyond the Seas 14
4 The Road to Worcester 22
5 The Crowd of Fugitives 34
6 A Long Farewell 54
Part II The Experience of Exile
7 Travels and Retreats 67
8 Nothing so Rare as Money 93
9 Feuds, Factions and Fornication 115
10 Losing the Plot: Agents, Spies and Traitors 133
11 Failed Hopes and Fresh Prospects 152
Part III Return
12 Gone for England 171
13 Rewards and Favours 177
14 The Brand of the Emigré 197
Notes 214
References 237
Index 242
v
Preface
During the planning and writing of this book I have benefited from
assistance and advice given generously by many persons and institu-
tions, in Australia, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. I am par-
ticularly grateful for the support and wise guidance over many years
that I have received from Dr Don Kennedy. I appreciate also the encour-
agement and advice of several friends and colleagues, in particular Dr
John Reeve at the Australian Defence Force Academy, Canberra, Profes-
sor Peter McPhee and Dr Barry Collett at the University of Melbourne,
Dr John Adamson and Dr David Smith at Cambridge University and
Professor Marika Keblusek at the University of Amsterdam. Over the
years I have benefited greatly from the intellectual stimulus and friend-
ship of many of those who are now former students and ex-colleagues
in the History and English departments at Melbourne Grammar School.
The support and guidance, expressed in many emails between
Basingstoke and Melbourne, of Ms Luciana O’Flaherty, editor at Palgrave
Macmillan, has been much appreciated.
My wife has been a perceptive and critical reader of drafts. Both she
and the rest of my family have tolerated patiently for many years my
frequent absences into the seventeenth century. To Margaret, and to
Madeleine, Jacqueline, Belinda, Jeremy, Nicholas, Annabel and Emily,
for whose computer skills I have often had cause to feel especially grate-
ful, I owe an enormous debt of gratitude, for their patience, support and
encouragement. This book is dedicated to them.
vi
List of Abbreviations
Add. MSS British Library, Additional Manuscripts
Bod. L. Bodleian Library, Oxford University
Carte, Letters A Collection of Original Letters and Papers,
and Papers Concerning the Affairs of England...1641, 1660,
found among the Duke of Ormond’s Papers, ed. Thomas
Carte, 2 vols., (London, 1739)
CCC Calendar of the Proceedings for the Committee for
Compounding, ed. M. A. E. Green, 5 vols., (London,
1889–92)
CClSP Calendar of the Clarendon State Papers, ed. W. H. Bliss,
W. D. Macray and F. J. Routledge, 5 vols., (Oxford,
1868–1970)
Clarendon, Life Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon, The Life of Edward,
Earl of Clarendon...in which is Included a Con-
tinuation of his History of the Grand Rebellion, from the
Restoration in 1660 to his Banishment in 1667, 2 vols.,
(Oxford, 1857)
Clarendon, Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon, The History of
Rebellion the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England, ed. W. D.
Macray, 6 vols., (Oxford, 1888)
ClSP State Papers Collected by Edward, Earl of Clarendon, ed.
R. Scrope and T. Monkhouse, 3 vols., (Oxford,
1767–86)
CSPD Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, 1640–1680,
ed. M. A. E. Green, (London, 1875–86)
CSP, Ireland Calendar of State Papers, Ireland, 1630–1675, ed.
C. W. Russell, J. P. Prendergast and R. P. Mahaffy,
(London, 1870–1910)
CSP, Venetian Calendar of State Papers...relating to English Affairs
...in the Archives and Collections of Venice, ed. R.
Brown, (London, 1864– )
DNB Dictionary of National Biography, 22 vols., (Oxford,
1885–1901)
HMC Historical Manuscripts Commission
NP The Nicholas Papers: Correspondence of Sir Edward
vii
viii List of Abbreviations
Nicholas, Secretary of State, ed. G. F. Warner, Camden
Society, 4 vols., (London, 1886–1920)
PRO. SP Public Record Office. State Papers
TSP A Collection of the State Papers of John Thurloe, Esq.,
ed. Thomas Birch, 7 vols., (London, 1742)
Cavaliers living in exile in Europe had to become familiar with a variety
of different currencies and with two calendars, the Gregorian or New
Style in use on the continent and the Old Style, which was ten days
behind, still used in England. All dates given are Old Style except that
the year has been taken as beginning on 1 January and not on 25 March.
In this period one pound sterling had the approximate value of 4.8
thalers or rix dollars, or 10 guilders, or 12 livres tournois or 10 Dutch
florins. Spellings in quotations have been modernised.
ix
n
e
nhag ples
pe E Na
o R
C HE EMPI Venice brence Rome
T Fl
KRAMNED
n
Edinburgh DublinSEIRELANDCChesterNWaterfordIVOENGLANDRP DWorcesterETINULondonThe HaguePendennisScillyCalaisRotterdamIs.AntwerpBredaBrugesBrusselsSPACologneNIJerseySHRouenNCaenETHNORMANDYParis OrleansAngersR. LoireBlois FRANCE Mila Fuentarrabia Madrid AIN equented by exiled Cavaliers
SP s fr
e
c
a
OPE NTIONED LAGUTROP 1650: pl
N EUR ES METEXT) on n the
WESTER NG PLACIN THE Lisb Europe i
WI n
O r
(SH Weste