The Causes of Epilepsy: Common and Uncommon Causes in Adults and Children

833 Pages·2011·20.24 MB·English

by  Simon D. Shorvon

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The Causes of Epilepsy

The Causes of Epilepsy
Common and Uncommon Causes in Adults and Children
Edited by:
SimonD.ShorvonMAMDFRCP
ProfessorinClinicalNeurology,UCLInstituteofNeurology,UniversityCollegeLondon;
ConsultantNeurologist,NationalHospitalforNeurologyandNeurosurgery,London,UK
FrederickAndermannOCMDFRCPC
Professor,DepartmentsofNeurologyandNeurosurgeryandPediatrics,McGillUniversity;
Director,EpilepsyService,MontrealNeurologicalInstituteandHospital,Montreal,Quebec,Canada
RenzoGuerriniMD
ProfessorofChildNeurologyandPsychiatry,UniversityofFlorence;
Director,PediatricNeurologyUnitandLaboratories,Children’sHospitalA.Meyer,Florence,Italy
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Firstpublished2011
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Thecausesofepilepsy/editedbySimonD.Shorvon,Frederick
Andermann,RenzoGuerrini.
p.;cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferences.
ISBN978-0-521-11447-9(Hardback)
1. Epilepsy–Etiology. I. Shorvon,S.D.(SimonD.)
II. Andermann,Frederick. III. Guerrini,Renzo.
[DNLM:1. Epilepsy–etiology. 2. Epilepsy–diagnosis.
3. Epilepsy–therapy. WL385]
RC372.C382011
616.8053071–dc22
2010030379
ISBN978-0-521-114479Hardback
CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceor
accuracyofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredto
inthispublication,anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuch
websitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate.
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Contents
List of contributors ix
Foreword xvii
Preface xix
– –
Section 1 Introduction Subsection 2.2 Pure epilepsies with
presumed complex
1 Historicalintroduction: the causes of epilepsy
in the pre-molecular era(1860–1960) 1 inheritance
Simon D.Shorvon
12 Idiopathic generalized epilepsies 91
2 The etiologicalclassificationof epilepsy 21
Carla Marini andRenzoGuerrini
Simon D.Shorvon
13 Benignpartial epilepsies of childhood 104
3 Epileptogenesisin idiopathic epilepsy 24
Roberto H. Caraballo and Natalio Fejerman
Snezana Maljevic and HolgerLerche
4 Mechanisms of epileptogenesis in symptomatic –
Section 3 Symptomatic epilepsy
epilepsy 35
Philip A. Schwartzkroin 14 Introduction tothe concept of symptomatic
epilepsy 113
– Simon D.Shorvon
Section 2 Idiopathic epilepsy
5 Introduction tothe concept of genetic epilepsy 43 Subsection 3.1 – Epilepsy syndromes
Renzo Guerrini, Simon D. Shorvon, Frederick
Andermann, and Eva Andermann 15 West syndrome andLennox–Gastaut syndrome 119
Renzo Guerrini and Carla Marini
6 The genetic contribution toepilepsy: the known
and missing heritability 62
–
MichaelR.Johnson Subsection 3.2 Progressive myoclonic
epilepsies
–
Subsection 2.1 Pure epilepsies due to
16 Unverricht–Lundborg disease 135
single-gene disorders
MariaK.Lehtinen, Anna-ElinaLehesjoki,
and Reetta Kälviäinen
7 Benignfamilial neonatal seizures 67
PerrinePlouin 17 Dentato-rubro-pallido-luysian atrophy 139
TeiichiOnuma
8 Autosomaldominantnocturnalfrontallobeepilepsy 70
Paolo Tinuper and Francesca Bisulli 18 Laforabody disease 143
Anna C.Jansen
9 Geneticepilepsy with febrile seizures plus 74
Ingrid E. Scheffer and Yue-Hua Zhang 19 Mitochondrial cytopathies 147
LaurenceA. Bindoff and Bernt A. Engelsen
10 Severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy or Dravet
syndrome 78 20 Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses 158
Carla Marini andRenzoGuerrini Ruth E. Williams
11 Benignadult familial myoclonic epilepsy 85 21 Sialidosisand Gaucherdisease 164
TeiichiOnuma Silvana Franceschetti and Laura Canafoglia
v
Contents
22 Action myoclonus–renal failuresyndrome 169 37 Disorders of cobalamin and folate
EvaAndermann metabolism 252
MichaelShevell, David Watkins, and
23 Progressive myoclonus epilepsies:
David Rosenblatt
other rare causes 172
FrederickAndermann and EvaAndermann 38 Other single-gene disorders 258
VincentNavarro andFrédéricSedel
–
Subsection 3.3 Neurocutaneous
–
syndromes Subsection 3.5 Disorders of chromosome
structure
24 Tuberous sclerosiscomplex 177
Catherine J.Chu-Shore and ElizabethA. Thiele 39 Down syndrome 265
25 Neurofibromatoses 183 NadiaBahi-Buisson, Monika Eisermann,
and Olivier Dulac
Rosalie E. Fernerand Margaret J. Jackson
26 Sturge–Weber syndrome 189 40 Fragile Xsyndrome 272
Irissa M. Devine and Carl E. Stafstrom
Alexis Arzimanoglou andEleni Panagiotakaki
27 Other neurocutaneoussyndromes 196 41 4p (Wolf–Hirschhorn) syndrome 277
AgatinoBattaglia
IgnacioPascual-Castroviejo
42 Invertedduplicated chromosome 15
(isodicentric chromosome 15) 281
–
Subsection 3.4 Other single-gene disorders AgatinoBattaglia
with epilepsy as a prominent 43 Ring chromosome 20 285
symptom GenevièveBernardand FrederickAndermann
28 Angelman syndrome 201
Bernard Dan and Stewart G. Boyd Subsection 3.6 – Developmental anomalies
29 Lysosomal disorders and Menkessyndrome 206 of cerebral structure
EdwinH. Kolodny and Swati Sathe
(cortical dysplasias)
30 Neuroacanthocytosis 212
Anna C.Jansen 44 Hemimegalencephaly 289
M. Scott Perry andMichael Duchowny
31 Organic acid, amino acids, and peroxisomal
disorders 216 45 Focal cortical dysplasiaand relatedvariants 293
MariaAliceDonati, SerenaGasperini, Ruben I.Kuzniecky
and Renzo Guerrini 46 Agyria–pachygyria band spectrum 298
32 Porphyria 231 Elena Parrini and Renzo Guerrini
GeoffreyDean and Simon D.Shorvon 47 Agenesis of the corpus callosum 305
33 Pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy 237 DorothyJones-Davis, YolandaLau,
Sidney M. Gospe,Jr. and Elliott H. Sherr
34 Rett syndrome andMECP2 48 Polymicrogyria and schizencephaly 311
and CDKL5 genotypes 242 Renzo Guerrini and Carmen Barba
Daniel G.Glaze 49 Periventricular nodular heterotopia 322
35 Urea cycle disorders 246 Rahul Rathakrishnan, YahyaAghakhani,
Linda Huh and Kevin Farrell and François Dubeau
36 Wilsondisease 249 50 Microcephaly 330
J.M. Walshe M. ElizabethRoss
vi
Contents
51 Arachnoid cysts 341 66 Metastatic disease 459
ConcezioDi Rocco and Gianpiero Tamburrini Rolando F.Del Maestro, Abdulrahman
Sabbagh,Ahmed Lary, and Marie-Christine
52 Malformationsofhuman cerebral cortex 346
Guiot
Waney Squier
–
– Subsection 3.10 Cerebral infection
Subsection 3.7 Hippocampal sclerosis and
prenatal and perinatal 67 Viral encephalitis 467
Jane E. Adcock
injury
68 Bacterialmeningitis and focal suppurative
53 Hippocampal sclerosis 363 intracranial infectionsinchildren 475
Fernando Cendes and Márcia Elisabete Morita
Suresh S.Pujarand RichardF.M.Chin
54 Neonatal seizures and postneonatal 69 Bacterialmeningitis and pyogenic abscess
epilepsy– causes 373 in adults 482
EliM. Mizrahiand Kevin E. Chapman
Lina Nashef andFahmida A. Chowdhury
55 Cerebral palsy 382 70 Malaria 492
Sameer M. Zuberi and Andreas Brunklaus
Charles R.J.C. Newton
56 Vaccination andimmunization 388 71 Neurocysticercosis 495
Simon D.Shorvon
HectorH. Garcia
72 Other parasitic diseases 501
–
Subsection 3.8 Cerebral trauma
Manish Modiand Gagandeep Singh
57 Open head injury 393 73 Tuberculosis 511
Flavio Giordano,Barbara Spacca,and Lorenzo Genitori NadirE. Bharucha, RobertaH. Raven,
and Vivek Nambiar
58 Closed head injury 400
Manuel Murie-Fernandez,Jorge G. Burneo, and Robert 74 HIV infection 520
W. Teasell P. Satishchandra and S.Sinha
59 De novo epilepsy after neurosurgery 407 75 Emerging and less common centralnervous
Charles E. Polkey system viral encephalitides 528
H.T.Chong and C.T.Tan
60 Epilepsyafterepilepsy surgery 413
Andre Palmini
–
Subsection 3.11 Cerebrovascular disease
61 Non-accidentalbrain injury 425
Renzo Guerrini and Alessio DeCiantis 76 Cerebral hemorrhage 537
HenryB. Dinsdale
–
Subsection 3.9 Cerebral tumor
77 Cerebral infarctionand occult degenerative
cerebrovascular disease 544
62 Glioma 433
Ruth E. Nemireand R.EugeneRamsay
William P. Gray and Harry Bulstrode
78 Arteriovenous malformations 551
63 Ganglioglioma, dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial
tumor,andrelated tumors 441 SuzanneA. Tharin,Autumn MarieKlein,
and Robert M. Friedlander
ThomasS. Jacques andWilliam Harkness
79 Cavernous malformations 559
64 Hypothalamic hamartoma and gelastic
epilepsy 449 Adrian M. Siegel
John F. Kerrigan 80 Other vascular disorders 565
65 Meningioma 454 Leif Gjerstadand Erik Taubøll
SumeetVadera and William Bingaman
vii
Contents
– –
Subsection 3.12 Cerebral immunological Subsection 4.2 Reflex seizures
disorders
96 How reflexmechanismscause epilepsy 683
81 Rasmussenencephalitis andrelatedconditions 573 BenjaminZifkin and FrederickAndermann
AntonioGambardella andFrederickAndermann 97 Visual stimuli, photosensitivity, andphotosensitive
epilepsy 687
82 Systemic lupus erythematosus and other collagen
vascular diseases 579 DorothéeKasteleijn-Nolst Trenité, LauraCantonetti, and
Pasquale Parisi
Rolando Cimaz and Andrea Taddio
98 Startle-induced (and other sensory-induced)
83 Inflammatory andimmunologicaldiseases of the
epilepsy 695
nervous system 585
Jean-PierreVignal,Sandrine Aubert,andPatrickChauvel
MichaelP.T. Lunn
99 Primaryreading epilepsy 700
Subsection 3.13 – Other cerebral disorders MatthiasKoepp
100Auditory-inducedepilepsy 704
84 Psychiatric disorders 593
Carlo Di Bonaventura andFrederickAndermann
Brent Elliott and John O’Donavan
101Focal reflex seizures – with emphasis on seizures
85 Multiple sclerosisandother acquired demyelinating
triggered by eating 709
diseases 607
BenjaminZifkin, GuyM. Rémillard, and Frederick
Mark R.Manford
Andermann
86 Hydrocephalus and porencephaly 612
102Hot-water epilepsy 713
Pierangelo Veggiotti andFederica Teutonico
P. Satishchandra, S. Sinha, and A. Anand
87 Alzheimer diseaseand other neurodegenerative
103Reflex epilepsy with higher-levelprocessing 720
diseases 618
BenjaminZifkin and FrederickAndermann
Sigmund Jenssen and Kandan Kulandaivel
Section 4 – Provoked epilepsies Section 5 – Status epilepticus
88 Introductiontotheconceptofprovokedepilepsy 625 104Introduction – how status epilepticus iscaused 723
SimonD.Shorvon,RenzoGuerrini,andFrederickAndermann Karthik Rajasekaran andHoward P. Goodkin
105Causes of status epilepticus in children 730
–
Subsection 4.1 Precipitating factors Rod C. Scott
89 Fever 631 106Thecausesofconvulsivestatusepilepticusinadults 735
ThomasP. Bleck ElizabethJ. Waterhouseand Peter W. Kaplan
90 The menstrual cycle and catamenial epilepsy 635 107Uncommoncauses ofstatus epilepticus 745
AndrewG. Herzog SimonD.Shorvon,RaymondY.L.Tan,andAidanNeligan
91 Sleep 643 108Causesofnon-convulsivestatusepilepticusinadults 752
LiborioParrino, Giulia Milioli,Fernando DePaolis, Pierre Thomas
AndreaGrassi,Gioia Gioi, and Mario GiovanniTerzano 109Causes of epilepsia partialis continua 759
92 Metabolic andendocrine-induced seizures 650 HirokazuOguniand FrederickAndermann
BernhardJ. Steinhoff 110Afterword 767
93 Electrolyte andsugardisturbances 655 Simon D.Shorvon, Renzo Guerrini,and Frederick
Bindu Menon and Simon D.Shorvon Andermann
94 Drug-induced seizures 664
Aidan Neligan
95 Alcohol- andtoxin-inducedseizures 674 Index 771
Michelle J. Shapiro andAndrew J. Cole Color platesappear between pages 236 and237.
viii