Table Of ContentThe American University in Cairo
A Thesis Submitted
To
The Department of English and Comparative Literature
May 2003
The Castaway:
A Comparative Study of Alienation in Franz Kafka’s The Trial
and J.M. Coetzee’s Foe.
By
Alia Mohamed Taher Ahmed Tawfik Abou Zeid
For My Dear Parents:
My thesis is the most precious
thing I can offer and dedicate to you.
I am grateful for everything you gave
and taught me. If it hadn’t been for
you, I wouldn’t have managed to get
the Master’s degree and make a
dream come true. Thank you for
always being loving, kind, generous
and supportive and may God bless
you.
Your Daughter,
Alia Mohamed Taher
Acknowledgements
I would like to express my thanks to Dr. William Melaney, my thesis advisor for
being very helpful and supportive. I would also like to express my gratitude for his
assistance in enabling me to submit a strong thesis by providing useful and
illuminating comments. I would also like to thank Dr. James Stone, my reader, who
has also been supportive and with whom I took several courses that have added to my
knowledge of literature and from which I greatly benefitted.
Abstract
This thesis is a comparative study of alienation. It provides an analysis of the different
ways in which the Czech writer, Franz Kafka, and the South African writer, J.M.
Coetzee delineate alienation in their works, The Trial and Foe. Three aspects of
alienation are discussed: alienation from self, world and language. Hence, the thesis
emphasizes that man’s predicament of alienation, homelessness and exile stems from
a failure to recognize a self to which he can relate, an inability to find a home in an
alien universe and an incapacity to develop a constructive relationship with words and
language. This study not only focuses on man’s existential predicament of alienation,
but it also reveals that alienation is an experience that writer and reader go through in
their encounter with a work of art. Thus, this study also explores the nature of a work
of art and is concerned with the effects of literature on the reader.
Contents
Introduction 1
Chapter One: The Self as a Stranger 5
Chapter Two: The World as a Strange Place 26
Chapter Three: The Nut without a Kernel 55
Conclusion 85
Bibliography 89
Sometimes I wake up not knowing where I am. The world is full of
islands, said Cruso once. His words ring truer every day.
J.M. Coetzee, Foe, 71
Introduction
“I feel that I exist only outside of any belonging. That non-belonging is my
very substance. Maybe I have nothing else to say but that painful contradiction: like
everyone else, I aspire to a place, a dwelling-place, while being at the same time
unable to accept what offers itself” (Patterson, x). With these words, Edmond Jabès
sums up in From the Desert to the Book the predicament of “the twentieth-century
figure of the alienated individual” (Seigneuret, 39) and “the homelessness of the
modern human condition” (Patterson, ix).
Jabès’ words highlight the centrality of the theme of alienation in modern
literature since it presents man’s situation and plight in the world. Alienation takes
different forms in literature and several writers have attempted to delineate and
express the different forms it takes and the causes that produce this terrible and dreary
state which is at the core of man’s existence and being.
The experience and state of alienation is a dilemma that man encounters as he
enters the world and struggles to deal with and overcome it throughout his life. Man’s
experience of alienation starts from his first day on earth as he is born and this is
evident in the fact that his first introduction to life and earth is met with a cry. As the
infant leaves its mother’s womb, it feels as if it has been deserted and expelled from
its home, just as Adam and Eve were expelled from heaven and were doomed to a life
of endless wandering and loss in the wide and difficult world.
Man’s life on earth is, therefore, a form of expulsion and an attempt to retrieve
the lost paradise and home in which he would find his belonging and place in the
world. In his attempt to find his dwelling-place, man attempts to arrive at an
understanding of the self, the world he is living in and the language he speaks.
However, as he seeks to achieve and develop a harmonious relationship with self,
world and language, he is overwhelmed by their complexity and indecipherable
nature. He realizes that these three categories that form the basis of one’s existence
are doors he cannot enter or penetrate. As a result, he feels alienated from self, world,
language and meaning.
The Czech writer Franz Kafka and the South African writer J.M. Coetzee
express in their literature man’s state of alienation from self, world and language. In
Kafka’s novel The Trial and Coetzee’s Foe, the self emerges as a riddle that one
cannot solve, the world is seen as a strange, unfamiliar and uncanny place into which
one cannot fit or belong and language emerges as extremely complex and
labyrinthine. Meaning and interpretation are always either absent or ambiguous and,
instead, emptiness and hollowness are prevalent.
In The Trial and Foe, one encounters characters and situations that highlight
man’s estrangement and isolation from self and world. Joseph K. (the central
character of Kafka’s The Trial) and Susan Barton (the female narrator and central
character of Coetzee’s Foe) are infinitely embroiled in a battle against the silence and
ambiguity of the self and the world. Their inability to decipher the self / world
hieroglyphics is the major dilemma which results in their acute sense of alienation,
aloneness and desolation in the world. Through these two characters’ endless attempts
to comprehend and unravel the self / world mystery, Kafka and Coetzee reveal that
man’s problem of assimilation or belonging stems from his inability to penetrate the
dark alleys of the divided and dichotomized self and the meaningless, quizzical and
unfathomable universe which he inhabits.
This study attempts to explore the different ways in which Kafka and Coetzee
present and portray the experience of man’s alienation and utter isolation through a
comparative study of their works. In addition, in the analysis of Kafka’s presentation
of this theme, allusions are made to other major works (selected short-stories) by
Kafka in which this theme is clearly evident.
Through the study of The Trial and Foe, an attempt is made at showing that
both Kafka and Coetzee reveal that alienation is not merely man’s plight in the world,
but also that it is the reader’s plight before a work of art. This shows how their works
are a commentary on the reader’s response to a work of art since they reflect the effect
of literature and the literary experience on the reader. Like Joseph K. and Susan
Barton, who are forever lost in the labyrinth of an incomprehensible and puzzling
universe, the reader finds himself trapped and entangled in complex and labyrinthine
texts that resist interpretation.
Like Joseph K. and Susan Barton, the reader struggles to unravel the mysteries
and enigmas of the text in an attempt to find meaning in this inscrutable world. The
reader’s inability to find a trace of meaning through which he could be reconciled
with the work of art makes him emerge from his experience with this literature of
alienation as an embodiment of alienation himself. For like Kafka’s and Coetzee’s
marginalized protagonists, the reader feels cast out by the text. He ends his journey
with Kafka and Coetzee with no certainty or answers. Instead, like Joseph K. and
Susan Barton, he finds himself constantly asking never-ending and unanswerable
questions, the most important of which is: “where do I belong?” or “where does man
belong?”
An individual chapter is devoted to each aspect of alienation. The first
chapter, entitled, “The Self as a Stranger,” presents an analysis of Kafka’s and
Coetzee’s depiction of man’s alienation from the self. The major issues discussed in
this chapter are: the self as a riddle and an enigma, the self and its existence as being
questionable, the problem of “precarious and threatened individual identity”
(Seigneuret, 14). The role of external forces in instilling the feeling of alienation and
estrangement from the self will also be discussed, since an establishment and a
definition of identity is dependent on these factors, rather than, simply on the
individual’s perception of the self.
The second chapter, entitled, “The World as a Strange Place,” presents
Kafka’s and Coetzee’s depiction of man’s alienation, isolation and homelessness in a
world that has become totally unfamiliar and uncanny. The following major points
will be taken up: the causes behind man’s estrangement from the world, the problem
of an incomprehensible world, the notion of difference and otherness that heightens
the sense of alienation and desolation, the continual search for a destination and a
place in which at-homeness is felt, the problem of the world’s silence which creates
the feeling of being an outsider, the continual search for an oracle that would answer
one’s questions and explain the puzzle of life, and the position of the writer as an
outsider. With respect to the final points, the fact that Kafka is a Czech writing in
German and Coetzee is a South African writing in English is considered.
The third and final chapter, entitled, “The Nut without a Kernel,” examines
the problem of the hollowness of words and language, the “sense of the betrayal of
language” (Seigneuret, 41) and the palimpsestic text presented by Kafka and Coetzee
as an attempt to reveal the reader’s experience of alienation before a work of art.
Within this context, the problem of the absence of a source or foundation on which
one could depend for interpretation, “the absolute absence of coherence and meaning
at the root of existence” (Seigneuret, 41), the problem of understanding the message
and meaning conveyed by the text, and the problem of the literal-minded reader who
fails to grasp the message of a work of art are discussed. These concerns are related to
the web-like and labyrinthine quality of text and language, the text as an investigation
that raises questions but offers no answers, the protean text which contains multiple
Description:express in their literature man's state of alienation from self, world and Kafka's novel The Trial and Coetzee's Foe, the self emerges as a riddle that
