Table Of ContentT
h
e
C
a
s
e
f
o The Case for
r
E
d
u
c
a
t
io
n
:
C
h
a
lle
n
g
e
s
a
n
d
O
p
p
o
r
t
u
n Education
it
ie
s
Challenges and Opportunities
Rodger W. Bybee
Copyright © 2013 NSTA. All rights reserved. For more information, go to www.nsta.org/permissions.
Copyright © 2013 NSTA. All rights reserved. For more information, go to www.nsta.org/permissions.
Copyright © 2013 NSTA. All rights reserved. For more information, go to www.nsta.org/permissions.
Rodger W. Bybee
Arlington, Virginia
Copyright © 2013 NSTA. All rights reserved. For more information, go to www.nsta.org/permissions.
Claire Reinburg, Director
Jennifer Horak, Managing Editor
Andrew Cooke, Senior Editor
Wendy Rubin, Associate Editor
Amy America, Book Acquisitions Coordinator
Art And design
Will Thomas Jr., Director
Printing And Production
Catherine Lorrain, Director
nAtionAl science teAchers AssociAtion
David L. Evans, Executive Director
David Beacom, Publisher
Copyright © 2013 by the National Science Teachers Association.
All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America.
16 15 14 13 4 3 2 1
ISBN 978-1-936959-25-9
eISBN 978-1-938946-92-9
NSTA is committed to publishing material that promotes the best in inquiry-based science education. However,
conditions of actual use may vary, and the safety procedures and practices described in this book are intended to
serve only as a guide. Additional precautionary measures may be required. NSTA and the authors do not warrant
or represent that the procedures and practices in this book meet any safety code or standard of federal, state, or local
regulations. NSTA and the authors disclaim any liability for personal injury or damage to property arising out of or
relating to the use of this book, including any of the recommendations, instructions, or materials contained therein.
Permissions
Book purchasers may photocopy, print, or e-mail up to five copies of an NSTA book chapter for personal
use only; this does not include display or promotional use. Elementary, middle, and high school teachers
may reproduce forms, sample documents, and single NSTA book chapters needed for classroom or
noncommercial, professional-development use only. E-book buyers may download files to multiple personal
devices but are prohibited from posting the files to third-party servers or websites, or from passing files to
non-buyers. For additional permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this NSTA Press
book, please contact the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) (www.copyright.com; 978-750-8400). Please
access www.nsta.org/permissions for further information about NSTA’s rights and permissions policies.
Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available from the Library of Congress.
Copyright © 2013 NSTA. All rights reserved. For more information, go to www.nsta.org/permissions.
TaBle ConTenTs
of
Preface vii
..........................................................................................................................................
Introduction ix
...................................................................................................................................
CHAPTER 1
1
What Are the Challenges for STEM Education? ....................................................................
CHAPTER 2
13
What Can We Learn From the Original Sputnik Moment? ...................................................
CHAPTER 3
25
Is STEM Education a Response to This Generation’s Sputnik Moment? .............................
CHAPTER 4
33
How Is STEM Education Reform Different From Other Education Reforms? ....................
CHAPTER 5
41
STEM Education Seems to Be the Answer—What Was the Question? ...............................
CHAPTER 6
53
If STEM Is an Opportunity, What Is the Federal Government’s Role? ................................
CHAPTER 7
63
How Can a State, District, or School Develop a Coherent Strategy for STEM Education? .........
CHAPTER 8
73
What Is Your Perspective of STEM Education? ....................................................................
CHAPTER 9
81
STEM Education: Where Are You Now, and Where Do You Want to Go? ...........................
CHAPTER 10
89
What Is Your Action Plan for STEM Education? .................................................................
Conclusion 101
...................................................................................................................................
References 103
...................................................................................................................................
Index 111
............................................................................................................................................
Copyright © 2013 NSTA. All rights reserved. For more information, go to www.nsta.org/permissions.
Copyright © 2013 NSTA. All rights reserved. For more information, go to www.nsta.org/permissions.
PRefaCe
a
ll those who provide leadership in STEM education will find this book useful. No doubt
you are beyond worrying about a precise definition of STEM because you use the acro-
nym within the context of your work. So, you ask, what is the value of this book? The
value can be found in two of the book’s features. First, the early chapters explore the his-
tory and lessons of reform and explain contemporary STEM in an attempt to make its com-
plexity clear. In this case, the book provides clarity about STEM and lessons for individuals at
the state, district, and school levels.
Second, the book proposes ideas and a helpful process of strategic and even factual plans
for those engaged in improving STEM education at various levels. The value of this book goes
beyond clarifying discussions—it should be used to develop action plans for STEM education.
Those familiar with some of my earlier works—for example, Reforming Science Education:
Social Perspectives and Personal Reflections (1993), Achieving Scientific Literacy: From Purposes to
Practices (1997a), and The Teaching of Science: 21st-Century Perspectives (2010)—will recognize
ideas, themes, and models from those publications. In many respects, the application of earlier
ideas, themes, and models to the challenges and opportunities of STEM education represents
the central theme of the book.
This book should be of interest to national and state policy makers interested in STEM
education, state-level educators responsible for STEM initiatives, college and university faculty
who educate future STEM teachers, local administrators who make decisions about district
and school programs, and teachers who represent STEM disciplines.
Acknowledgments
I could not have developed the ideas in this book without the ideas and suggestions of many
colleagues and friends. I express a deep and sincere appreciation to Harold Pratt, Mark St.
John, and David Heil for our extended discussions during annual NSTA meetings. For their
recommendations about technology and engineering education, I thank Greg Pearson, Kendall
Starkweather, Mark Saunders, Karl Pister, and Cary Sneider. Celeste Pea provided background
on the origins of the acronym STEM. Working on the Next Generation Science Standards
has provided numerous opportunities to explore my ideas about STEM with Brett Moulding,
Peter McClaren, Nicole Paulson, Rick Duschl, and Stephen Pruitt.
Robert Pletka, superintendent of Fullerton Unified School District, gave freely of his
time and insights about a school administrator’s role in STEM education. Jennifer Jeffries,
associate vice president at California State University, San Marcos, and I had a long discussion
vii
The Case for STEM Education
Copyright © 2013 NSTA. All rights reserved. For more information, go to www.nsta.org/permissions.
Preface
about supplemental instruction and STEM education. I must thank and acknowledge Mike
Lindstrom, past executive director of SciMathMN, for several extended conversations and
permission to use his models for STEM. These conversations occurred during a 2011 policy-
maker briefing in Minnesota.
Being an advisor to the Hands-On Science Partnership has resulted in several opportunities
to discuss my ideas about STEM education with publishers interested in seeing that teachers
and students have materials and equipment central to learning science, technology, engineering,
and mathematics. For these opportunities, I thank Chris Chopyak, Steve Alexander, and Kathy
Workman.
Kimberly Jensen from the San Diego County Office of Education did an excellent job
drafting several chapters and established a foundation for the book. The final drafts were
completed by Byllee Simon, who continues to be my assistant for numerous projects and to
whom I am deeply thankful for all she does to make any project the best it can be.
NSTA had the proposal for this book reviewed by very competent and experienced
individuals. When the manuscript was near completion, NSTA had the draft reviewed. I took
all the reviewers’ suggestions seriously and the book is better for their recommendations. Here,
I thank those reviewers: Greg Pearson, Kendall Starkweather, and Francis Cardo.
I express my appreciation to NSTA’s Claire Reinburg, for her continued support of my
work, and Wendy Rubin, for her careful editing of the final manuscript.
Finally, Kathryn Bess has been an inspiration for this work, a source of numerous ideas,
and consistently a critical friend.
Rodger W. Bybee
Golden, Colorado
2013
viii
NatioNal ScieNce teacherS aSSociatioN
Copyright © 2013 NSTA. All rights reserved. For more information, go to www.nsta.org/permissions.
InTRoduCTIon
How I Became Interested in STEM Education
T
he problems I address in this book were initially encountered through a variety of educa-
tion workshops, presentations, and endeavors. Educators commonly use the acronym
for science, technology, engineering, and mathematics—STEM—in diverse ways. I was
struck by the contrast of authoritative statements that lacked specificity concerning the
meaning of STEM. For example, individuals would proclaim, “We have a STEM center,”
“Our state has a STEM advisory committee,” or “The district has a STEM program.” Although
I understood the disciplines to which the acronym referred, there seemed to be a lack of clarity
about the meaning of STEM in the different educational contexts. With time, use of the acro-
nym STEM spread within the education community, and the need for a clarifying exploration
of the term STEM increased.
My initial interest in use of the acronym STEM was reinforced on numerous occasions for
more than a year. The problem regarding clarity and meaning seemed to grow worse as STEM
went from an acronym communicating four disciplines to the use of STEM to describe K–12
education groups, initiatives, programs, or practices. At one level, for example, one hears policy
makers proclaim the need to retain individuals in STEM-related careers. In the K–12 context,
I heard science coordinators proclaim the need to improve STEM courses. For the latter, it
was not clear what might be taught and learned in the STEM course. I began to look for and
ask second and third questions: What is the STEM program in your district? What does your
STEM advisory committee discuss? What is the work of your STEM center? It should come
as no surprise that the answers were sincere but quite varied. STEM referred to whatever the
individual or group was doing. Most often, STEM referred to either science or mathematics.
Much less often did STEM address technology and engineering. When reference was made
to technology, the term usually meant computers and a means of delivering instruction.
Technology is greater than computers and more than a means of teaching.
During the period of engagement and observations about the acronym STEM, I worked
on the science component of the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA). My
work on PISA reinforced a long-standing conviction that K–12 education should contribute to
individuals’ life and work as citizens. Education in the STEM disciplines also should include the
application of these knowledge, skills, and abilities to life situations in STEM-related categories
such as health choices, environmental quality, and resource use. While understanding the
concepts and processes of traditional disciplines certainly contributes to citizens’ intellectual
growth, I argue that future citizens need educational experiences that transcend the traditional
ix
The Case for STEM Education
Copyright © 2013 NSTA. All rights reserved. For more information, go to www.nsta.org/permissions.
