The Carian Language

541 Pages·2007·2.73 MB·English

by  Ignacio J. Adiego

The Carian Language
HANDBOOK OF ORIENTAL STUDIES
SECTION ONE
THE NEAR AND MIDDLE EAST
Ancient Near East
Editor-in-Chief
W. H. van Soldt
Editors
G. Beckman • C. Leitz • B. A. Levine
P. Michalowski • P. Miglus
Middle East
R. S. O’Fahey • C. H. M. Versteegh
VOLUME EIGHTY-SIX
The Carian Language
by
Ignacio J. Adiego
with an appendix by
Koray Konuk
BRILL
LEIDEN • BOSTON
2007
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Adiego Lajara, Ignacio-Javier.
The Carian language / by Ignacio J. Adiego ; with an appendix by Koray Konuk.
p. cm. — (Handbook of Oriental studies. Section 1, The Near and Middle
East ; v. 86).
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN-13 : 978-90-04-15281-6 (hardback)
ISBN-10 : 90-04-15281-4 (hardback)
1. Carian language. 2. Carian language—Writing. 3. Inscriptions, Carian—Egypt.
4. Inscriptions, Carian—Turkey—Caria. I. Title. II.
P946.A35 2006
491’.998—dc22 2006051655
ISSN 0169-9423
ISBN-10 90 04 15281 4
ISBN-13 978 90 04 15281 6
© Copyright 2007 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill Hotei Publishers,
IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, and VSP.
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printed in the netherlands
Günter Neumann
In memoriam

CONTENTS
Foreword ........................................................................................ xi
Acknowledgments for the Use of Illustrations ............................ xiii
Chapter One Introduction .......................................................... 1
Chapter Two The Indirect Sources .......................................... 7
A. The Glosses .......................................................................... 7
1. Glosses und Pseudo-glosses .................................................... 7
2. Interpretation ........................................................................ 10
B. The Proper Names .............................................................. 12
1. The Unity and Continuity of Anatolian Onomastics .............. 12
2. Present Compilations of Carian and Anatolian Names ............ 14
3. Carian Names from Indirect Sources vs. Those from Direct
Sources ................................................................................ 15
Chapter Three The Inscriptions ................................................ 17
A. Introduction .......................................................................... 17
1. The Revised System of Transcription of Carian Letters .......... 18
2. Vocalism .............................................................................. 18
3. Consonantism ...................................................................... 19
B. ‘Para-Carian’ or ‘Caroide’ Inscriptions .............................. 22
1. ‘Para-Carian’ Inscriptions from Caria .................................... 22
2. ‘Para-Carian’ Inscriptions from Other Places .......................... 23
3. The Ostrakon of Hou and the Naukratis Fragment ................ 26
4. Carian Grafitti from Sardis .................................................. 27
5. Carian Inscription from Old Smyrna .................................... 29
C. The Carian Inscriptions from Egypt .................................. 30
1. Sais (E.Sa) ........................................................................ 32
2. Memphis (E.Me) ................................................................ 34
3. Abydos (E.Ab) .................................................................... 79
4. Thebes, Tomb of Montuemhat (E.Th) .................................. 95
5. Luxor Temple (E.Lu) .......................................................... 106
6. Murwàw (E.Mu) ................................................................ 109
7. Silsilis (E.Si) ...................................................................... 110
8. Abu Simbel (E.AS) .............................................................. 115
viii contents
9. Buhen (E.Bu) .................................................................. 119
10. Gebel Sheik Suleiman (E.SS) ............................................ 123
11. Unknown Origin, Likely from Egypt (E.xx) ........................ 124
D. The Carian Inscriptions from Caria .................................. 128
1. Tralleis (C.Tr) .................................................................. 130
2. Alabanda and Surroundings (C.Al) ...................................... 132
3. Euromos (C.Eu) ................................................................ 132
4. Kindye (C.Kn) .................................................................. 134
5. Hyllarima (C.Hy) ............................................................ 135
6. Mylasa (C.My) ................................................................ 137
7. Sanctuary of Sinuri near Mylasa (C.Si) .............................. 138
8. Kildara (C.Ki) .................................................................. 141
9. Stratonikeia (C.St) ............................................................ 142
10. Halikarnassos (C.Ha) ........................................................ 144
11. Didyma (Ionia, near Milet) (C.Di) .................................... 145
12. Iasos (C.Ia) ...................................................................... 145
13. Keramos (C.Ke) ................................................................ 150
14. Kaunos (C.Ka) .................................................................. 151
15. Krya (C.Kr) ...................................................................... 158
16. Inscriptions of Unknown Origin, Presumably from Caria
(C.xx) .................................................................................. 159
E. The Carian Inscriptions from Greece ................................ 164
Chapter Four The History of the Decipherment .................. 166
A. The ‘Semisyllabic Era’ (1887–1962) .................................. 166
B. The ‘Greek Alphabetic’ Era ................................................ 176
C. The ‘Egyptian Approach’ .................................................... 187
1. The First Attempts ............................................................ 187
2. The Seminal Work of Ray ................................................ 191
3. The Definitive Decipherment (‘Ray-Schürr-Adiego System’) ...... 197
Chapter Five The Carian Alphabet .......................................... 205
A. Alphabetic Varieties ............................................................ 205
1. Alphabetic Varieties of Caria Proper .................................... 206
2. Inscriptions from Continental Greece .................................... 219
3. Egyptian Alphabets ............................................................ 219
4. The Classification of the Alphabets of Caria Proper .............. 223
5. The Relationship between the Alphabet from Egypt and
the Local Alphabets from Caria Proper .............................. 226
6. The Common Origin of the Carian Alphabetic Varieties ........ 228
B. The Origin of the Carian Alphabet .................................. 230
contents ix
Chapter Six Phonological Features ............................................ 234
A. The Phonological System .................................................... 234
1. Vowels and Semivowels ........................................................ 234
2. Consonants .......................................................................... 242
3. Letters of Uncertain Value .................................................... 251
4. Letters of Unknown Value .................................................... 253
5. Phonotactics ........................................................................ 254
B. Overview of the Historical Phonology of Carian ............ 256
1. Vocalism ............................................................................ 257
2. Consonants .......................................................................... 259
3. Some Secondary Changes ...................................................... 262
Chapter Seven Analyzing Carian Inscriptions .......................... 264
A. Basic Onomastic Formulae .................................................. 264
1. Inscriptions Consisting of Only an Individual Name .............. 264
2. Inscriptions Consisting of Only a Twofold Onomastic
Formula .............................................................................. 265
B. The Structure of the Stelae from Memphis ...................... 267
1. Threefold Formulae .............................................................. 267
2. Stelae for Women ................................................................ 271
3. Inscriptions with Ted and En ............................................ 273
4. Other More Complex Funerary Inscriptions ............................ 275
5. The Rest of the Inscriptions from the Memphis Corpus .......... 276
6. A First Summary ................................................................ 279
C. Analyzing Brief Inscriptions ................................................ 280
1. Inscriptions on Objects .......................................................... 281
2. Funerary Inscriptions of Caria and Athens ............................ 287
3. The Longest Graffito from Abu Simbel (E.AS 7) .................. 293
D. The Longer Inscriptions ...................................................... 294
1. The Kaunos Bilingual Inscription .......................................... 295
2. The Kaunos Inscription C.Ka 2 ............................................ 301
3. Sinuri’s Longer Inscription (C.Si 2) ...................................... 302
4. The Hyllarima Inscription (C.Hy 1) .................................... 305
5. Other Inscriptions from Caria .............................................. 308
E. Summary and Some Controversial Questions .................. 310
Chapter Eight Morphological Features ...................................... 312
A. Nominal Inflection .............................................................. 312
1. Nominative Singular ............................................................ 312
2. Accusative Singular .............................................................. 313