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THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF GREEK AND ROMAN WARFARE Warfarewasthesinglebiggestpreoccupationofhistoriansinantiquity.Inrecent decadesfreshtextualinterpretations,numerousnewarchaeologicaldiscoveriesand amuchbroaderanalyticalfocusemphasizingsocial,economic,politicalandcul- turalapproacheshavetransformedourunderstandingofancientwarfare.Volume iofthistwo-volumeHistoryreflectsthesedevelopmentsandprovidesasystematic account, written by a distinguished cast of contributors, of the various themes underlying the warfare of the Greek world from the archaic to the Hellenistic periodandofearlyandmiddleRepublicanRome.Foreachbroadperioddevel- opmentsintroop-types,equipment,strategyandtacticsarediscussed.Theseare placedinthebroadercontextofdevelopmentsininternationalrelationsandthe relationshipofwarfaretoboththestateandwidersociety.Numerousillustrations, aglossaryandchronology,andinformationabouttheancientauthorsmentioned supplementthetext.Thiswillbecometheprimaryreferenceworkforspecialists andnon-specialistsalike. philip sabin isProfessorofStrategicStudiesintheDepartmentofWarStudies at King’s College London. His main academic interest concerns the analytical modellingofconflict,andheistheauthorofLostBattles:ReconstructingtheGreat Clashes of the Ancient World (2007) and coeditor (with Tim Cornell and Boris Rankov) of The Second Punic War: A Reappraisal (1996). He teaches and writes about the strategy and tactics of warfare from ancient times to the twenty-first century. hans van wees isProfessorofAncientHistoryatUniversityCollegeLondon. HeistheauthorofStatusWarriors:War,ViolenceandSocietyinHomerandHistory (1992)andGreekWarfare:MythsandRealities(2004)andeditorofWarandViolence inAncientGreece(2000).Hehascoedited(withNickFisher)ArchaicGreece:New ApproachesandNewEvidence(1998),(withEgbertBakkerandIrenedeJong)Brill’s CompaniontoHerodotus(2002)and(withKurtRaaflaub)ACompaniontoArchaic Greece(forthcoming). michael whitby isProfessorofClassicsandAncientHistoryattheUniversity ofWarwick.HeisthecoeditorofVolumeXIVofTheCambridgeAncientHistory (2001) and author of Rome at War, ad293–696 (2002) as well as several articles onlateRomanwarfare,andhasmadeseveraltelevisionappearancestalkingabout ancientwarfarefromtheGraeco-PersianWarstothecollapseoftheRomanEmpire. Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF GREEK AND ROMAN WARFARE VOLUME I Greece, the Hellenistic world and the rise of Rome Editedby PHILIP SABIN DepartmentofWarStudies,King’sCollegeLondon HANS VAN WEES DepartmentofHistory,UniversityCollegeLondon MICHAEL WHITBY DepartmentofClassicsandAncientHistory,UniversityofWarwick Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 cambridge university press Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown,Singapore,Sa˜oPaulo CambridgeUniversityPress TheEdinburghBuilding,Cambridgecb28ru,UK PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9780521782739 (cid:2)C CambridgeUniversityPress2007 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithout thewrittenpermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2007 PrintedintheUnitedKingdomattheUniversityPress,Cambridge AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary isbn978-0-521-782739hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyofURLsforexternal orthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication,anddoesnotguaranteethatany contentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 CONTENTS Listoffigures pageviii Listofmaps xiv Editors’preface xv Acknowledgements xvii INTRODUCTION: THE HISTORIOGRAPHY OF ANCIENT WARFARE 1 Themodernhistoriographyofancientwarfare 3 victor davis hanson (SeniorResearchFellowatthe HooverInstitution,Stanford) 2 Warfareinancientliterature:theparadoxofwar 22 simon hornblower (GroteProfessorofAncientHistory, UniversityCollegeLondon) 3 Reconstructingancientwarfare 54 michael whitby (ProfessorofAncientHistory,University ofWarwick) PART I: ARCHAIC AND CLASSICAL GREECE 4 Internationalrelations 85 jonathan m. hall (PhyllisFayHortonProfessorinthe Humanities,ProfessorofClassicsandProfessorofHistory, UniversityofChicago) 5 Militaryforces 108 peter hunt (ProfessorofClassics,UniversityofColorado) v Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 vi contents 6 War 147 peter krentz (W.R.GreyProfessorofClassicsand History,DavidsonCollege,NorthCarolina) 7 Battle 186 A.Landbattles 186 everett l. wheeler (DukeUniversity) B.Navalbattlesandsieges 223 barry strauss (ProfessorofClassicsandHistory,Cornell University) 8 Warfareandthestate 248 vincent gabrielsen (ProfessorofAncientHistory, UniversityofCopenhagen) 9 Warandsociety 273 hans van wees (ProfessorofAncientHistory,University CollegeLondon) PART II: THE HELLENISTIC WORLD AND THE ROMAN REPUBLIC 10 Internationalrelations 303 richard billows (ProfessorofHistory,Columbia University) 11 Militaryforces 325 A.Landforces 325 nicholas sekunda (ProfessorofAncientHistory, UniversityofGdansk) B.Navalforces 357 philip de souza (CollegeLecturerinClassics,University CollegeDublin) 12 War 368 jonathan p. roth (ProfessorofHistory,SanJos´eState University) 13 Battle 399 A.Landbattles 399 philip sabin (ProfessorofStrategicStudies,King’sCollege London) Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 contents vii B.Navalbattlesandsieges 434 philip de souza (CollegeLecturerinClassics,University CollegeDublin) 14 Warfareandthestate 461 john serrati (ProfessorofHistoryandClassics,McGill University,Quebec) 15 Warandsociety 498 j. e. lendon (ProfessorofHistory,UniversityofVirginia) 517 Chronologicaltable 533 Glossary 545 Listofancientauthors 555 Bibliography 555 Abbreviations 558 Mainbibliography 603 Indexofancientpassagescited 628 Generalindex Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 FIGURES 1.1 Pagefromatenth-centuryByzantinecopyofAsclepiodotus’ ArtofTactics,withdrawingsof‘chequerboard’andother formations.Florence,BibliothecaMediceo-Laurenziana (Plut.55.4c.141e). page4 1.2 IllustrationsfromthepamphletMarshisField,firstprinted byRogerDaniellin1595,showingdrillpositionsfor pikemenequippedwithshieldandspear,atypeofinfantry recentlyintroducedundertheinfluenceofancientmilitary treatises. 6 2.1 Scythianarchersengagedinlong-rangemissilecombat whiletheirhoplitecompanionscrouchbehindtheirshields, onalatesixth-centuryAthenianamphora.Berlin, Antikensammlung(F1865).(cid:2)C CopyrightStaatlicheMuseen zuBerlinPreußischerKulturbesitz. 41 2.2 Commemorationoffemalecasualtiesofwar. (a) MonumentsetupinthecentreofMessene, c.200–150bc,tohonourthosewhohadfallen inoneofseveralrecentattemptstocapturethecity. 45 (b) Partoftheinscriptiononthecappingstoneswhich recordedsixmaleandfourfemalenames,ofwhichthe latterareshownhere.(cid:2)C PhotoscourtesyofProfessor PetrosThemelis. 4455 3.1 DeathofDecebalusfromTrajan’scolumninRome. (cid:2)C CopyrightDAIRom(neg.89.14). 56 3.2 MosaicdepictingAlexanderandDariusatthebattleof Issus.Naples,MuseoNazionale.Photo:Scala/ArtResource, NY. 63 3.3 ColumnofArcadius:theGothsexpelledfrom Constantinoplewithdivineassistance.Drawinginthe Freshfieldfolder,LibraryofTrinityCollege,Cambridge. 72 3.4 ThesouthernwatergateatDara(earlysixthcenturyad). GertrudeBellPhotographicArchive,Universityof NewcastleuponTyne(R106) 73 viii Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 list of figures ix 3.5 ThereplicatriremeOlympias.PhotocourtesyoftheTrireme Trust. 75 3.6 CohortstrengthreportonawritingtabletfromVindolanda (c.ad100,northBritain).TabulaeVindolandensesii.154, front.(cid:2)C CopyrightOxford,CentrefortheStudyofAncient DocumentsandtheBritishMuseum,2004. 79 4.1 TerracottasymbolafromAthens.CourtesyoftheAmerican SchoolofClassicalStudies–AgoraExcavations. 91 4.2 AlabastervasegivenasatokenofrecognitionbythePersian kingXerxes,whosenameisinscribedonitinfour languages:OldPersian,Elamite,AkkadianandEgyptian. London,BritishMuseum.(cid:2)C CopyrightTheTrusteesofthe BritishMuseum. 92 4.3 GravemonumentforPythagorasofSelymbria,aproxenos buriedwithpublichonoursintheCerameicuscemetery atAthens,c.460–450bc.(cid:2)C CopyrightDAIAthen (neg.Kerameikos5999). 93 5.1 Earliest-knownhoplitepanoply,fromArgos.Lateeighth century.PhotocourtesyoftheSyndicsoftheCambridge UniversityLibrary. 112 5.2(a)–(c) Hoplitearmourandthesideways-onstanceadopted byhoplitesincombatrepresentedbyastatuettefrom Dodona,c.500bc.Berlin,Antikensammlung. (cid:2)C CopyrightStaatlicheMuseenzuBerlinPreußischer Kulturbesitz(Misc.7470).Photos:(a)–(b)Jutta Tietz-Glagow,(c)IngridGeske. 114 5.3 Twoslaveattendantsassistingfourhoplitesastheyarm themselves,onanAtticcupofc.480bc.VaticanCity, MuseoEtruscoGregoriano(inv.16583).Photocourtesyof theSyndicsoftheCambridgeUniversityLibrary. 115 5.4 Alightformofhopliteequipmentcommonintheclassical periodasrepresentedonthegravemonumentofLisasof Tegea,buriedinAtticainthelatefifthcenturybc. 116 5.5 Chargingcavalrymenwithlightroundsingle-gripshields andjavelinsonanarchaicterracottaplaquefromThasos. ReproducedfromL.J.Worley,Hippeis:TheCavalryof AncientGreece(Boulder1994),fig.3.3. 118 5.6 Peltastwithcharacteristiccrescent-shapedshield,carryinga spearunderarmasifforthrustingratherthanthrowing,and wearingThracian-stylebootsandafox-furcap,withafur wraparoundthewaist.(Atticvaseofc.480bcfoundina graveinBoeotiaandnowinThebes.) 121 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008

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Warfare was the single biggest preoccupation of historians in antiquity. In recent decades fresh textual interpretations, numerous new archaeological discoveries and a much broader analytical focus emphasising social, economic, political and cultural approaches have transformed our understanding of
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