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the cambridge history of christianity ORIGINS TO CONSTANTINE Thefirstofthenine-volumeCambridgeHistoryofChristianityseries, OriginstoConstantineprovidesacomprehensiveoverviewofthe essentialevents,persons,placesandissuesinvolvedintheemer- genceoftheChristianreligionintheMediterraneanworldinthe firstthreecenturies.Overthirtyessayswrittenbyscholarlyexperts tracethisdynamichistoryfromthetimeofJesusthroughtotherise ofimperialChristianityinthefourthcentury.Thevolumeprovides thoughtful and well-documented analyses of the diverse forms of Christian community, identity and practice that arose within decadesofJesus’death,andwhichthroughmissionaryeffortswere soonimplantedthroughouttheRomanempire.OriginstoConstan- tineexaminesthedistinctivecharacteristicsofChristiangroupsin eachgeographicalregionuptotheendofthethirdcentury,while alsoexploringthedevelopmentoftheinstitutionalforms,intel- lectual practices and theological formulations that would mark Christianhistoryinsubsequentcenturies. margaret m. mitchell is Professor of New Testament and EarlyChristianLiteratureattheUniversityofChicago.Sheisthe authorofPaulandtherhetoricofreconciliation:anexegeticalinvestiga- tionofthelanguageandcompositionof 1CorinthiansandTheheavenly trumpet:JohnChrysostomandtheartofPaulineinterpretation,andis co-executiveeditorofNovumTestamentumSupplementsmono- graphseries. frances m. young is a Fellow of the British Academy and received an OBE for services to Theology in 1998. She became ProfessorandHeadoftheDepartmentofTheology,Universityof Birmingham,in1986,DeanoftheFacultyofArtsin1995,served asPro-ViceChancellorfrom1997–2002andisnowEmeritaPro- fessorofTheology.HermanypublicationsincludeFromNicaeato ChalcedonandBiblicalexegesisandtheformationofChristianculture, aswellasmorepopularworkssuchasThemakingofthecreeds,Can thesedryboneslive?andFacetoface. the cambridge history of CHRISTIANITY The Cambridge History of Christianity offers a comprehensive chronologicalaccountofthedevelopmentofChristianityinallits aspects–theological,intellectual,social,political,regional,global– fromitsbeginningstothepresentday.Eachvolumemakesasub- stantialcontributioninitsownrighttothescholarshipofitsperiod andthecompleteHistoryconstitutesamajorworkofacademic reference.FarfrombeingmerelyahistoryofwesternEuropean Christianityanditsoffshoots,theHistoryaimstoprovideaglobal perspective.EasternandCopticChristianityaregivenfullconsider- ationfromtheearlyperiodonwards,andlater,African,FarEastern, NewWorld,SouthAsianandothernon-Europeandevelopments inChristianityreceivepropercoverage.Thevolumescoverpop- ularpietyandnon-formalexpressionsofChristianfaithandtreat thesociologyofChristianformation,worshipanddevotionina broadculturalcontext.ThequestionofrelationsbetweenChris- tianityandothermajorfaithsisalsokeptinsightthroughout.The Historywillprovideaninvaluableresourceforscholarsandstu- dentsalike. Listofvolumes: OriginstoConstantine edited by margaret m. mitchell and frances m. young Constantinetoc.600 edited by winrich lo¨hr, fred norris and augustine casiday EarlyMedievalChristianityc.600–c.1100 edited by thomas noble and julia smith ChristianityinWesternEuropec.1100–c.1500 edited by miri rubin and walter simon EasternChristianity edited by michael angold ReformandExpansion1500–1660 edited by ronnie po-chia hsia Enlightenment,ReawakeningandRevolution1660–1815 edited by stewart j. brown and timothy tackett WorldChristianitiesc.1815–c.1914 edited by brian stanley and sheridan gilley WorldChristianitiesc.1914–c.2000 edited by hugh mcleod THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY * VOLUME 1 Origins to Constantine * Editedby MARGARET M. MITCHELL and FRANCES M. YOUNG Assistanteditor K.ScottBowie cambridge university press Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown,Singapore,Sa˜oPaulo CambridgeUniversityPress TheEdinburghBuilding,Cambridgecb22ru,UK PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9780521812399 (cid:2)C CambridgeUniversityPress2006 Thisbookisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithout thewrittenpermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2006 PrintedintheUnitedKingdomattheUniversityPress,Cambridge AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloguinginPublicationdata OriginstoConstantine/editedbyFrancesM.Young,MargaretM.Mitchell;assistanteditor, K.ScottBowie. p. cm.–(TheCambridgehistoryofChristianity;v.1) Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. isbn0521-81239-9(hardback) 1.Churchhistory–Primitiveandearlychurch,ca.30–600. i.Young,FrancesM.(FrancesMargaret) ii.Mitchell,MargaretMary,1956– iii.Bowie,KennethScott. iv.Title. v.Series. br165.066 2006 270.1–dc22 2005012926 isbn-13978-0-521-81239-9hardback isbn-100-521-81239-9hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyofURLsforexternal orthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhisbook,anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontenton suchwebsitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. Contents Listofillustrations ix Listofmaps x Listofcontributors xi Preface xiii Acknowledgements xxi Chart:RomanemperorsandbishopsofRomeandAlexandria xxii Listofabbreviationsofprimaryandsecondarysources xxv Prelude:JesusChrist,foundationofChristianity 1 frances m. young part i THE POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS SETTING 1· GalileeandJudaeainthefirstcentury 37 sean freyne 2· TheJewishdiaspora 53 tessa rajak 3· TheRomanempire 69 hans-josef klauck part ii THE JESUS MOVEMENTS 4· JewishChristianity 87 joel marcus v Contents 5· GentileChristianity 103 margaret m. mitchell 6· JohannineChristianity 125 harold w. attridge 7· SocialandecclesiallifeoftheearliestChristians 145 wayne a. meeks part iii COMMUNITY TRADITIONS AND SELF-DEFINITION 8· Theemergenceofthewrittenrecord 177 margaret m. mitchell 9· Marcionandthe‘canon’ 195 harry y. gamble 10· Self-definitionvis-a`-vistheJewishmatrix 214 judith lieu 11· Self-definitionvis-a`-vistheGraeco-Romanworld 230 a. j. droge 12· Self-differentiationamongChristiangroups:theGnosticsandtheir opponents 245 david brakke 13· Truthandtradition:Irenaeus 261 denis minns 14· Theself-definingpraxisofthedevelopingeccle¯sia 274 carolyn osiek part iv REGIONAL VARIETIES OF CHRISTIANITY IN THE FIRST THREE CENTURIES 15· FromJerusalemtotheendsoftheearth 295 margaret m. mitchell vi Contents 16· Overview:thegeographicalspreadofChristianity 302 frank trombley 17· AsiaMinorandAchaea 314 christine trevett 18· Egypt 331 birger a. pearson 19· SyriaandMesopotamia 351 susan ashbrook harvey 20· Gaul 366 john behr 21· NorthAfrica 381 maureen a. tilley 22· Rome 397 markus vinzent part v THE SHAPING OF CHRISTIAN THEOLOGY 23· Institutionsinthepre-Constantinianeccle¯sia 415 stuart george hall 24· Monotheismandcreation 434 gerhard may 25· MonotheismandChristology 452 frances m. young 26· Ecclesiologyforgedinthewakeofpersecution 470 stuart george hall 27· TowardsaChristianpaideia 485 frances m. young vii Contents part vi ‘ALIENS’ BECOME CITIZENS: TOWARDS IMPERIAL PATRONAGE 28· Persecutions:genesisandlegacy 503 w. h. c. frend 29· Churchandstateuptoc.300ce 524 adolf martin ritter 30· Constantineandthe‘peaceofthechurch’ 538 averil cameron 31· ThefirstCouncilofNicaea 552 mark edwards 32· TowardsaChristianmaterialculture 568 robin m. jensen Conclusion:retrospectandprospect 586 Bibliographies 590 Index 683 viii Illustrations Fig.1 Titulusinreliquary,SantaCroceinGerusalemme(Rome) pagexlviii Fig.2 SantaPudenziana(Rome)altarmosaic,ChurchofGentiles, ChurchofCircumcision 86 Fig.3 Fishandloaves,CatacombofSanCallisto(Rome) 144 Fig.4 Aberciusinscriptionfragments,MuseoPioCristiano,Musei Vaticani 172 Fig.5 P46ChesterBeattyPapyrus,fo.21r:endofRomans,incipitof Hebrews 176 Fig.6 ReconstructionofChristianbaptistery,DuraEuropos 414 Fig.7 ChristasPhilosopher,CatacombofDomitilla(Rome) 484 Fig.8 TempleofTrajanatPergamum 502 Fig.9 Christ/Apollomosaic,VaticanNecropolis 571 Fig.10 ChristasGoodShepherd,ViaSalariasarcophagus,MuseoPio Cristiano,MuseiVaticani 578 Fig.11 Jonah/Endymionsarcophagusrelief,MuseoPioCristiano,Musei Vaticani 580 Fig.12 SantaSabina,exteriorview(Rome) 584 Fig.13 Christogramonfourth-centurysarcophagus,MuseoPioCristiano, MuseiVaticani 587 ix

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