Table Of ContentTHE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY
OF CHINA
General editors
DENIS TWITCHETT and JOHN K. FAIRBANK
Volume II
Late Ch'ing, 1800-1911, Part 2
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
THE CAMBRIDGE
HISTORY OF
CHINA
Volume II
Late Ch'ing, 1800-1911, Part 2
edited by
JOHN K. FAIRBANK
and
KWANG-CHING LIU
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
CAMBRIDGE
LONDON • NEW YORK • NEW ROCHELLE
MELBOURNE • SYDNEY
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
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© Cambridge University Press 1980
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
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no reproduction of any part may take place without
the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 1980
Reprinted 1999, 2005, 2006
Printed in the United States of America
A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
The Cambridge History of China.
Vol. 11 edited by J. K. Fairbank and K. C. Liu.
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
CONTENTS : v. 10. Late Ch'ing, 1800-1911. pt. 1.
v. 11. Late Ch'ing, 1800-1911. pt. 2.
1. China History. I. Twitchett, Denis Crispin.
II. Fairbank, John King, 1907- III. Liu, Kwang-Ching, 1921-
DS735.C3145 95i'°3 76-29851
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ISBN-13 978-0-521-22029-3 hardback
ISBN-IO 0-521-22029-7 hardback
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GENERAL EDITORS' PREFACE
In the English-speaking world, the Cambridge histories have since the
beginning of the century set the pattern for multi-volume works of history,
with chapters written by experts of a particular topic, and unified by the
guiding hand of volume editors of senior standing. The Cambridge Modern
History, planned by Lord Acton, appeared in sixteen volumes between
1902 and 1912. It was followed by The Cambridge Ancient History, The
Cambridge Medieval History, The Cambridge History of English Literature, and
Cambridge Histories of India, of Poland, and of the British Empire. The
original Modern History has now been replaced by The New Cambridge
Modern History in twelve volumes, and The Cambridge Economic History of
Europe is now being completed. Other Cambridge Histories recently
undertaken include a history of Islam, of Arabic literature, of the Bible
treated as a central document of and influence on Western civilization,
and of Iran and China.
In the case of China, Western historians face a special problem. The
history of Chinese civilization is more extensive and complex than that
of any single Western nation, and only slightly less ramified than the
history of European civilization as a whole. The Chinese historical record
is immensely detailed and extensive, and Chinese historical scholarship has
been highly developed and sophisticated for many centuries. Yet until
recent decades the study of China in the West, despite the important
pioneer work of European sinologists, had hardly progressed beyond the
translation of some few classical historical texts, and the outline history
of the major dynasties and their institutions.
Recently Western scholars have drawn more fully upon the rich tradi-
tions of historical scholarship in China and also in Japan, and greatly
advanced both our detailed knowledge of past events and institutions,
and also our critical understanding of traditional historiography. In
addition, the present generation of Western historians of China can also
draw upon the new outlooks and techniques of modern Western his-
torical scholarship, and upon recent developments in the social sciences,
while continuing to build upon the solid foundations of rapidly pro-
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
vi GENERAL EDITORS* PREFACE
gressing European, Japanese and Chinese sinological studies. Recent
historical events, too, have given prominence to new problems, while
throwing into question many older conceptions. Under these multiple
impacts the Western revolution in Chinese studies is steadily gathering
momentum.
When The Cambridge History of China was first planned in 1966, the aim
was to provide a substantial account of the history of China as a bench
mark for the Western history-reading public: an account of the current
state of knowledge in six volumes. Since then the out-pouring of current
research, the application of new methods, and the extension of scholarship
into new fields, have further stimulated Chinese historical studies.
This growth is indicated by the fact that the History has now become a
planned sixteen volumes, including the earliest pre-dynastic period, but
which still leave out such topics as the history of art and of literature,
many aspects of economics and technology, and all the riches of local
history.
The striking advances in our knowledge of China's past over the last
decade will continue and accelerate. Western historians of this great and
complex subject are justified in their efforts by the needs of their own
peoples for greater and deeper understanding of China. Chinese history
belongs to the world, not only as a right and necessity, but also as a
subject of compelling interest.
JOHN K. FAIRBANK
DENIS TWITCHETT
June 1976
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
CONTENTS
General editors' preface page v
Ust of maps xi
List of tables xiv
Preface to volume 11 xv
1 Economic trends in the late Ch'ing empire, 1870-1911 1
by ALBERT FEUERWERKER, Professor of History, University
of Michigan
Agriculture 2
Handicraft industry 15
Modern industry 28
Domestic and foreign commerce 40
Government and the economy 5 8
2 Late Ch'ing foreign relations, 1866-1905 70
by IMMANUEL C. Y. HSU, Professor of History, University
of California, Santa Barbara
The changing context 70
Foreign, relations, 1866-75 71
Acceleration of imperialism in frontier areas and
tributary states 84
Japanese aggression in Korea 101
The threatened 'partition of China' 109
The Boxer Uprising 115
The effects of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance and the
Russo-Japanese War 130
3 Changing Chinese views of Western relations, 1840-95 142
by YEN-P'ING HAO, Professor of History, University of Tennessee
and ERH-MIN WANG, Senior Lecturer, Chinese University of
Hong Kong
Introduction: traditional views of foreign relations 142
Initial response and inertia, 1840-60 145
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VU1 CONTENTS
The impact of Western power and wealth, 1860-95 page 156
The ambivalence of foreign policy views, 1860-95 172
Continuity and change in Chinese views of Western relations 199
4 The military challenge: the north-west and the coast 202
by KWANG-CHING LIU, Professor of History, University of
California, Davis and RICHARD J. SMITH, Associate Professor of
History, Rice University
Ch'ing armies of the post-Taiping era 202
The Muslim revolts and their international implications 211
Ch'ing victories in Shensi and Kansu 225
The reconquest of Sinkiang 235
Li Hung-chang and coastal defence 243
The Sino-French War and its aftermath 251
The disaster of the Sino-Japanese War 269
5 Intellectual change and the reform movement, 1890-8 274
by HAO CHANG, Professor of History, Ohio State University
Background - aspects of the Western impact 274
K'ang Yu-wei and the emerging intellectual ferment 283
The reform movement 291
Reform in Hunan 300
The debacle of 1898 318
Legacies of the reform era 329
6 Japan and the Chinese Revolution ofi9ii 339
by MARIUS JANSEN, Professor of History, Princeton University
The opening of China as a warning to Japan 340
Meiji Japan in Chinese thinking 343
Chinese students in Japan 348
Nationalism and its repercussions 353
Influence through translation 361
Japan and the Chinese revolutionaries 363
7 Political and institutional reform, 1901-11 375
by CHUZO ICHIKO, Professor of History, Center for Modern
Chinese Studies, Tqyo Bunko, Tokyo
The reform edict of the Kuang-hsu Emperor 375
Reforms in education 376
Reforms in the military system 383
Preparations for constitutionalism 388
Financial reorganization and centralization 403
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CONTENTS IX
Other reform programmes page 408
Characteristics of the late-Ch'ing reforms 411
8 Government, merchants and industry toi9ii 416
by WELLINGTON K. K. CHAN, Associate Professor of History,
Occidental College
Merchants and modern enterprise: a reassessment 416
Official sponsorship of modern industry 421
Campaigns for private enterprise 437
Peking and the provinces: the conflict over leadership 447
The emergence of entrepreneurial officials 454
9 The republican revolutionary movement 463
by MICHAEL GASSTER, Professor of History, Rutgers University
Early coalitions: the revolutionary movement before 1905 465
The revolutionary alliance, 1905—8 484
The fall of the Ch'ing dynasty, 1908-12 506
The emerging coalition 507
The birth of the republic 515
10 Currents of social change 535
by MARIANNE BASTID-BRUGUIERE, Maitre de recherche au Centre
national de la recherche scientifique, Paris
The privileged classes 5 3 6
The common people 571
The growth of a sub-proletariat 586
Dynamics of social change 5 89
Bibliographical essays 603
Bibliography 627
Glossary-index 683
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