The Cambridge History of Africa (1600-1790)

707 Pages·1975·39.72 MB·English

by  Richard Gray

THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY
OF AFRICA
General Editors: J. D. FAGE and ROLAND OLIVER
Volume 4
from c. 1600 to c. 1790
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
THE C A M B R I D GE
HISTORY OF
A F R I CA
Volume 4
from c. 1600 to c. 1790
edited by
RICHARD GRAY
CAMBRIDGE
UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE
The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU,UK
40 West 20th Street, New York, NY IOOII-42II,USA
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Ruiz de Alarcon 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain
Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa
http://www.cambridge.org
© Cambridge University Press 1975
This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without
the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 1975
Reprinted 1993, 1994, 1997, 2000, 2003
Transferred to digital printing 2003
Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge
Library of Congress catologue card number: 75-13638
ISBN 0521 20413 5
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
CONTENTS
List of maps page ix
Preface x
Acknowledgements xi
Introduction
by RICHARD GRAY, Professor of the History of Africa, School of
Oriental and African Studies, University of London
i Egypt, the Funj and Darfur 1
by P. M. HOLT, Professor of Arabic History, School of Oriental
and African Studies, University of London
Ottoman Egypt 1
The Funj sultanate 4
Darfur 5 o
The expansion of Islam 5 2
z The central Sahara and Sudan 5 8
by H. J. FISHER, Reader in the History of Africa, School of
Oriental and African Studies, University of London
The process of consolidation 5 8
The stage in 1600 6
Military considerations 6
Finance and government 8
The role of commerce 8
The Islamic factor 9
The contribution of slavery 9
The impact of the nomads 10
Bornu and Hausaland 11
The Maghrib al-Adna 11
Tuareg, Tubu and the Fezzan 12
Mandara, Bagirmi and the Kwararafa 12
Wadai 13
v
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
CONTENTS
3 North-West Africa: from the Maghrib to the fringes
of the forest page 142
by NEHEMIA LEVTZION, Professor of History, Institute of
African and Asian Studies, Hebrew University of Jerusalem
The Maghrib 4
The pashalik of Timbuktu 15 2
Timbuktu, Jenne and Massina under the arma 15 8
The arma, Songhay and Tuareg 16 5
The Bambara states 17
Trade and politics among the Dyula and Mossi-Dagomba 181
Islam in the states of the savanna 19
The early jihad movements 19
Africans and Europeans in the trade of Senegambia 216
4 The Guinea coast 22
by WALTER RODNEY, Lately Associate Professor, Department of
History, University of Dar es Salaam
Yoruba, Aja, Bini 22
Iboland, the delta states and the Cross river 2 5 2
The upper Guinea coast 27
The Gold Coast 29
5 Central Africa from Cameroun to the Zambezi 325
by DAVID BIRMINGHAM, Lecturer in the History of Africa,
School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
The northern savanna and forest 3 2 5
The Kongo kingdom 32
Loango 34
The Kimbundu and Luanda 3 5 о
The Ovimbundu and Benguela 3 5 9
The lower Kasai 36
The Lunda empire 36
The eastern plains and the upper Zambezi 377
vi
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
CONTENTS
6 Southern Africa and Madagascar page 384
by SHULA MARKS, Lecturer in the History of Africa, School of
Oriental and African Studies, University of London
and RICHARD GRAY
The kingdom of the Mwene Mutapa 3 8 5
Butua 39
Butua's neighbours 40
Delagoa Bay and its hinterland 40
The Sotho-Tswana 41
Kalahari and South-West Africa 41
The Nguni 42 5
Khoisan and Dutch at the Cape 43
The Xhosa frontier 45
Madagascar 45
7 Eastern Africa 46
by EDWARD A. ALPERS, Associate Professor, Department of
History, University of California, Los Angeles
and CHRISTOPHER EHRET, Associate Professor, Department of
History, University of California, Los Angeles
The interlacustrine states 47
Luo interactions east and north of Lake Victoria 482
The Masai and their neighbours 49
The central interior 49
Between Unyamwezi and the coast 50
Between Lakes Tanganyika and Malawi 511
North of the Zambezi 51
The East African coast 5 27
8 Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa 53
by M. ABIR, Professor of History, Institute of African and Asian
Studies, Hebrew University of Jerusalem
The Muslim threat and the Galla expansion 5 37
Serse-Dingil and Susenyos 54
The Red Sea trade 55
The Muslim principalities 5 5 2
Fasiladas and Yohannes 5 5 5
Iyasu I and the Galla 5 5 8
The rising power of the Galla 5 64
The era of the princes 5 71
vii
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
CONTENTS
9 Africa in Europe and the Americas page 578
by WALTER RODNEY
Europe's image of Africa 578
Africans in Europe 581
The slave trade, racism and capitalism 589
Towards abolition 597
The African contribution in the Americas 602
The cost of survival in the New World 606
The Afro-American cultural heritage 611
Bibliographical essays 623
Bibliography 652
Index 695
viii
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
MAPS
I Egypt and the Nilotic Sudan page 16
2 The central Sahara and Sudan 60
3 The Lake Chad area 61
4 North Africa and the Sahara 153
5 The western Sudan 172
6 The lower Guinea coast in the seventeenth century 224
7 The lower Guinea coast in the eighteenth century 225
8 The upper Guinea coast, c. 1600 277
9 The upper Guinea coast, c. 1800 288
IO Central Africa 326
11 West-Central Africa 330
12 South of the Zambezi 387
13 South-West Africa and the Cape of Good Hope 421
14 South-east Africa 426
15 Madagascar 459
16 Northern East Africa 471
17 Southern East Africa 502
18 Northern Ethiopia
539
J9 The Horn of Africa 542
ix
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008