The Cambridge Handbook Of The Law Of Algorithms

809 Pages·2021·6.387 MB·English

by  Woodrow Barfield

the cambridge handbook of the law of algorithms
Algorithmsareafundamentalbuildingblockofartificialintelligence–and,increasingly,society–
butourlegalinstitutionshavelargelyfailedtorecognizeorrespondtothisreality.TheCambridge
HandbookoftheLawofAlgorithms,whichfeaturescontributionsfromUS,EU,andAsianlegal
scholars,discussesthespecificchallengesalgorithmsposenotonlytocurrentlaw,butalso–as
algorithms replace people as decision-makers – to the foundations of society itself. The work
includeswidecoverageofthelawasitrelatestoalgorithms,withchaptersanalyzinghowhuman
biases have crept into algorithmic decision-making about who receives housing or credit, the
length of sentences for defendants convicted of crimes, and many other decisions that impact
constitutionally protected groups. Other issues covered in the work include the impact of algo-
rithmsonthelawoffreespeech,intellectualproperty,andcommercialandhumanrightslaw.
Woodrow Barfield holds a PhD in engineering, a JD, and an LLM. A recipient of the NSF
Presidential Young Investigator Award, Dr. Barfield is the editor of Fundamentals of Wearable
ComputersandAugmentedRealityandco-editorofResearchHandbookontheLawofArtificial
Intelligence. He is currently an associate editor of the Virtual Reality Journal, review editor for
Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, and an editorial board member for Delphi: Interdisciplinary
ReviewofEmergingTechnologies.

The Cambridge Handbook of the Law
of Algorithms
Editedby
WOODROW BARFIELD
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Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781108481960
DOI:10.1017/9781108680844
©CambridgeUniversityPress2021
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Firstpublished2021
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
NAMES:Barfield,Woodrow,editor.
TITLE:TheCambridgehandbookofthelawofalgorithms/editedbyWoodrowBarfield,
UniversityofWashington(Emeritus).
DESCRIPTION:Cambridge,UnitedKingdom;NewYork,NY:CambridgeUniversityPress,2021.|
Series:Cambridgelawhandbooks|Includesindex.
IDENTIFIERS:LCCN2020039007(print)|LCCN2020039008(ebook)|ISBN9781108481960(hardback)|
ISBN9781108680844(ebook)
SUBJECTS:LCSH:Law–Automation.|Artificialintelligence–Lawandlegislation.|Computer
networks–Lawandlegislation.|Technologyandlaw.|Decisionmaking–Mathematicalmodels.
CLASSIFICATION:LCCK87.C3542021(print)|LCCK87(ebook)|DDC343.09/99–dc23
LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2020039007
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Contents
ListofFigures pageix
ListofTables x
NotesonContributors xi
Foreword:AlgorithmsandtheLaw
LordPatrickHodge xix
Preface
WoodrowBarfield xxiii
Acknowledgements xxv
ListofAbbreviations xxvi
part i introduction and setting the stage for a law
of algorithms
1 AnIntroductiontoLawandAlgorithms 3
WoodrowBarfieldandJessicaBarfield
2 TheOpinionofMachines 16
CurtisE.A.Karnow
3 PrivateAccountabilityinanAgeofArtificialIntelligence 47
SoniaK.Katyal
4 AlgorithmicLegitimacy 107
AriEzraWaldman
5 UnderstandingTransparencyinAlgorithmicAccountability 121
MargotE.Kaminski
part ii business, regulations, and decision-making with
algorithms
6 AlgorithmsandContractLaw 141
LaurenHenryScholz
v
vi Contents
7 Algorithms,Agreements,andAgency 153
ShawnBayern
8 AlgorithmicGovernanceandAdministrativeLaw 162
StevenM.AppelandCaryCoglianese
9 DiscriminationintheAgeofAlgorithms 182
RobinNunn
10 AlgorithmicCompetition,Collusion,andPriceDiscrimination 199
SalilK.Mehra
11 TheRuleofLawandAlgorithmicGovernance 209
Ro´na´nKennedy
12 GovernanceofAlgorithms:RethinkingPublicSectorUse
ofAlgorithmsforPredictivePurposes 233
AnjanetteH.RaymondandCiabhanConnelly
13 FromRuleofLawtoStatuteDrafting:LegalIssuesfor
AlgorithmsinGovernmentDecision-Making
MonikaZalnieriute,LisaBurtonCrawford,JaninaBoughey, 251
LyriaBennettMoses,andSarahLogan
14 AlgorithmicDecisionSystems:AutomationandMachine
LearninginthePublicAdministration 273
DavidRestrepoAmariles
15 FromLegalSourcestoProgrammingCode:AutomaticIndividualDecisions
inPublicAdministrationandComputersundertheRuleofLaw 301
DagWieseSchartum
part iii intellectual property and algorithms
16 InventiveAlgorithmsandtheEvolvingNatureofInnovation 339
RyanAbbott
17 SoftwarePatentingandSection101’sGatekeepingFunction 374
AndrewChin
18 IntellectualPropertyataCrossroad:AwardingIPProtectionforAlgorithms 391
AvivGaon
part iv criminal law, tort issues, and algorithms
19 TheUseofAlgorithmsinCriminalAdjudication 407
AndreaRoth
Contents vii
20 AssessingtheRiskofOffendingthroughAlgorithms 432
ChristopherSlobogin
21 InjurybyAlgorithms 449
SeemaGhatnekarTilak
22 WhenDoAlgorithmicTortfeasorsthatCausedDamage
WarrantUniqueLegalTreatment? 471
KarniChagal-Feferkorn
23 Tort-Law:ApplyingA“Reasonableness”StandardtoAlgorithms 493
KarniChagal-Feferkorn
part v constitutional law, human rights, and algorithms
24 HumanRights-BasedApproachtoAIandAlgorithms:
ConcerningWelfareTechnologies 517
Je˛drzejNiklas
25 FourModesofSpeechProtectionforAlgorithms 543
KyleLangvardt
26 AlgorithmsandFreedomofExpression 558
Manasvin(Veenu)Goswami
27 ArtificialMindsinFirstAmendmentBorderlands 579
MarcJonathanBlitz
28 TheFirstAmendmentandAlgorithms 606
StuartMinorBenjamin
29 AlgorithmicAnalysisofSocialBehaviorforProfiling,
Ranking,andAssessment 632
NizanGeslevichPackinandYafitLev-Aretz
30 AlgorithmicStagesinPrivacyofDataAnalytics:ProcessandProbabilities 654
RonaldP.Loui,ArnoR.Lodder,andStephanieA.Quick
part vi applications and future directions of law
and algorithms
31 MoralMachines:TheEmergingEUPolicyon“TrustworthyAI” 667
AndreaRenda
32 LawinTuring’sCathedral:NotesontheAlgorithmicTurnoftheLegal
Universe 691
NicolaLettieri
viii Contents
33 ArguingoverAlgorithms:MappingtheDilemmasInherentin
Operationalizing“Ethical”ArtificialIntelligence 722
Mariano-FlorentinoCue´llarandRobertJ.MacCoun
34 EmbodimentandAlgorithmsforHuman–RobotInteraction 736
Yueh-HsuanWengandChih-hsingHo
35 OnBeingTrans-Human:CommercialBCIsandtheQuestforAutonomy 757
ArgyroP.Karanasiou
Index 775
Figures
2.1 Afive-layernetwork page22
2.2 Mymodelofstockprices 42
2.3 Mymodelwithfreshdata 43
14.1 MethodsandtechniquesofAI 276
15.1 Mainaspectsoflawanddigitalgovernment 305
15.2 Overviewofthetransformationprocess 306
15.3 Mainphasesandactivitiesinthetransformationprocess 311
15.4 Deductionoflegalrules 313
15.5 Deductionoffacts 314
15.6 Deductionofoperations 317
15.7 Processingindividualcasesinthreesteps 318
15.8 Surveyofstrategiesforgeneratingdecisiondata,fromrelevantfactstobasesfor
decisions 325
15.9 Connectionbetweenlegislativeprocessesandsystemsdevelopmenttoimple-
mentthem 332
17.1 FlowchartrepresentationofPatentOfficeguidancesince2014forexamination
ofclaimsunderthe§101patent-eligiblesubjectmatterrequirement 386
22.1 Autonomylevelasaclassifierforthinkingalgorithms 488
22.2 Purposiveinterpretationasaclassifierforthinkingalgorithms 489
ix