The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. 12: The Crisis of Empire, AD 193-337

921 Pages·2005·22.24 MB·English

by  Alan Bowman

THE CAMBRIDGE
ANCIENT HISTORY
VOLUME XII
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
THE CAMBRIDGE
ANCIENT HISTORY
SECOND EDITION
VOLUME XII
The Crisis of Empire,
a.d. 193–337
Editedby
ALAN K. BOWMAN
CamdenProfessorofAncientHistoryintheUniversityofOxford
PETER GARNSEY
ProfessoroftheHistoryofClassicalAntiquityintheUniversityofCambridge
AVERIL CAMERON
WardenofKebleCollege,Oxford
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CONTENTS
Listofmaps pagexi
Listoftext-figures xii
Preface xiii
PART I NARRATIVE
1 TheSeverandynasty 1
bybrian campbell, ProfessorofRomanHistory,Schoolof
History(AncientHistory),TheQueen’sUniversityofBelfast
I ThebackgroundandaccessionofSeptimiusSeverus 1
II Civilandforeignwars 4
III Severus,thearmyandthesenate 9
IV Caracalla 15
V Theendofthedynasty 20
2 MaximinustoDiocletianandthe‘crisis’ 28
byjohn drinkwater, EmeritusProfessor,Departmentof
Classics,UniversityofNottingham
I Introduction 28
II Narrative 28
III Discussion 58
3 Diocletianandthefirsttetrarchy,a.d.284–305 67
byalan k. bowman, CamdenProfessorofAncientHistory
intheUniversityofOxford
I TheaccessionofDiocletianandtheappointmentof
Maximian 68
II Theyears286–92 70
III Thecreationofthetetrarchy 74
IV Theperiodofthetetrarchy,293–305 78
V Conclusion 88
v
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vi contents
4 ThereignofConstantine,a.d.306–337 90
byaveril cameron, WardenofKebleCollege,The
UniversityofOxford
PART II GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION
5 Thearmy 110
bybrian campbell
I Changeandcontinuity 110
II ThemilitaryreformsofDiocletianandConstantine 120
6 Theemperorandhisadministration 131
6a Generaldevelopments 131
byelio lo cascio, Universita` degliStudidiNapoli
FedericoII
6b TheageoftheSeverans 137
byelio lo cascio
I Imperialdesignationandlegitimation:theproblemof
succession 137
II ThedomusAugustaandthedynasticideology 140
III Theroleofthearmyandtheplebsurbanainimperial
legitimation 141
IV Theadministration:thecentreandtheperiphery 142
V Thepraetorianprefectureandthejurists 147
VI Thedevelopmentoftheprocuratorships 148
VII Theneworganizationofimperialestatesandfinances 150
6c Thegovernmentandadministrationoftheempireinthe
centraldecadesofthethirdcentury 156
byelio lo cascio
I Designationoftheemperorandsuccessionduringthefifty
yearsoftheanarchy 156
II Gallienus’reforms:militarycommandandthegovernment
oftheprovinces 158
III ThecityofRomefromtheSeveranstoAurelian 162
IV Italymovingtowardsprovincialization 165
6d ThenewstateofDiocletianandConstantine:fromthe
tetrarchytothereunificationoftheempire 170
byelio lo cascio
I Thenewlegitimationofimperialpower 170
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contents vii
II Thereformsandtheadministrativeorganizationofthe
empire 172
III Provinces,diocesesandprefectures 179
IV Laterdevelopments 181
7a Highclassicallaw 184
bydavid ibbetson, RegiusProfessorofCivilLaw,
UniversityofCambridge
7b Epiclassicallaw 200
bydavid johnston, Advocate’sLibrary,Edinburgh
I Rescripts,juristsandthechancellery 201
II Codes 202
III Epiclassicaljurists 204
IV Juristsintheschools 206
V Conclusion 207
PART III THE PROVINCES
8 Provincesandfrontiers 212
byjohn wilkes, EmeritusProfessor,Instituteof
Archaeology,UniversityCollegeLondon
I Frontierhistory 212
II Emperorsandprovinces 233
III Frontierorganization 252
9 Developmentsinprovincialandlocaladministration 269
byjean-michel carrie´, E´coledesHautesE´tudesen
SciencesSociales,Paris
I Introduction 269
II Theimperialstateandits‘provincials’ 271
III Thecitiesintheserviceofthefunctioningofthe
imperialstate 282
IV Thefateofthemunicipalworld:crisisoradaptation? 293
V Conclusion 309
10 EgyptfromSeptimiusSeverustothedeathofConstantine 313
byalan k. bowman
I Prologue 313
II Egyptinthecontextoftheempire 315
III Theprovinceanditsadministration 316
IV Societyandeconomy 322
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viii contents
PART IV THE ECONOMY OF THE EMPIRE
11 Coinageandtaxation:thestate’spointofview,a.d.193–337 327
bymireille corbier, DirectorofL’Ann´ee
E´pigraphique,CNRS,Paris
I Coinissuesanddevaluations 330
II Themetalstock 353
III Taxation 360
IV Themodesofpublicspending 386
V Conclusion 390
12 Coinage,societyandeconomy 393
bymireille corbier
I Thestructuresoftheeconomy 397
II Thestateandtheevolutionoftheeconomyinthe‘long’
thirdcentury:problemsofinterpretation 425
III Didtheeconomicunityoftheempirebecomefragmented? 435
PART V THE NON-ROMAN WORLD
13 TheGermanicpeoplesandGermanicsociety 440
bymalcolm todd, EmeritusProfessorofArchaeologyin
theUniversityofDurham,andformerPrincipalofTrevelyan
College,Durham
I Newgroupings 440
II Settlements 447
III Warfare 450
IV Tradeandtechnology 453
14 TheSassanians 461
byrichard n. frye, ProfessorEmeritus,Harvard
University
I Introduction 461
II TheearlySassanians 464
III SassanianrelationswiththeRomans 472
IV Religiousdevelopments 474
V Conclusions 479
15 Armeniaandtheeasternmarches 481
byc.s.lightfoot, DepartmentofGreekandRoman
Art,TheMetropolitanMuseumofArt,NewYork
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contents ix
I Introduction 481
II TheArmeniankingdom 483
III Themarches 489
IV Outlinehistory 491
16 TheArabsandthedesertpeoples 498
bymaurice sartre, Professeurd’HistoireAnciennea`
l’Universit´eFran¸cois-Rabelais
I TheunityanddiversityofArabsociety 498
II Theapogeeandruinoftheclientstates 507
III Phylarchsandalliednomadkings 515
PART VI RELIGION, CULTURE AND SOCIETY
17 Latepolytheism 521
17a Theworld-view 521
bygarth fowden, CentreforGreekandRoman
Antiquity,NationalResearchFoundation,Athens
I ProblemsaroundPlotinus 523
II Hermetismandtheurgy 529
III Magicandastrology 533
17b Theindividualandthegods 538
bygarth fowden
I Shrinesandcults 538
II Specialrelationships 543
III Godsofhearthandgrave 551
17c Publicreligion 553
bygarth fowden
I Theroleoftheemperor 553
II Regionalperspectives 561
III Conclusion 570
18a Christianity,a.d.70–192 573
bymark edwards, LecturerinPatristics,
UniversityofOxford
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x contents
18b Third-centuryChristianity 589
bygraeme clarke, VisitingFellow,SchoolofSocial
Sciences,AustralianNationalUniversity,Canberra
I Geographicalcoverage 589
II ChristiansandtheRomanstate 616
III PersecutionofDecius 625
IV PersecutionunderGallus 635
V PersecutionunderValerianandGallienus 637
VI TheGreatPersecution 647
VII Christianliteratureofthethirdcentury 665
19 Artandarchitecture,a.d.193–337 672
byjanet huskinson, TheOpenUniversity
I Introduction 672
II Artandarchitecture,a.d.193–337:asurvey 673
III Conclusion 702
Appendicestochapter8 704
byjohn wilkes
I ChangesinRomanprovincialorganization,a.d.193–337 705
II Imperialmovements,a.d.193–337 714
III Frontierdeployment,a.d.193–337 724
Stemmata 768
Compiledbybrian campbell and
simon corcoran
Chronology 772
Bibliography 786
Abbreviations 786
Frequentlycitedworks 793
PartI:Narrative(chapters1–4) 799
PartII:Governmentandadministration(chapters5–7) 819
PartIII:Theprovinces(chapters8–10) 834
PartIV:Theeconomyoftheempire(chapters11–12) 852
PartV:Thenon-Romanworld(chapters13–16) 871
PartVI:Religion,cultureandsociety(chapters17–19) 885
Index 900
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008