THE CALIPHATE OE HISHEM B. 'ABD AL-MALIK (105-125/72A-7A3) WITH SPECIAL

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THE CALIPHATE OE HISHEM B. 'ABD AL-MALIK
(105-125/72A-7A3) WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO
INTERNAL PROBLEMS
b y
AWAD MOHAMMAD KHLEIFAT
Thesis submitted for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
University of London
School of Oriental and African Studies
ProQuest Number: 10731352
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1.^, C 0 R R I G’ E N* D A
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CONTENTS
page
Abstract.................................... iii
Acknowledgements ........................... v
Abbreviations ...............................
Survey of Sources ........................... 1
Notes on selected modern works .............. kZ
I An Introduction to Hisham b. 'Abd al-Malik .. ^-8
a) Hisham’s early life
b) The legacy of the previous period
II The ShT'T opposition ................... ?8
a) The Revolt of Zayd b. 'All
b) The extremist religious agitators
III Disturbances in North-Africa and Spain .. .. 131
a) The Berber revolt
b) The Civil War in Spain
IV Other opposition movements .............. 17^
a) The Kharijite opposition
b) The Coptic revolts in Egypt
V The revolt of al-@arith b. Surayj .. .. 193
Vi The Arab Conquest in Transoxania.. 22^
VII The Arab Conquest in Caucasus...... ........ 237
Bibliography ............................... 3^9
a) Sources
b) Modern works
c) Articles in periodical publications
ABSTRACT
The Umayyad Caliphate during the reign of Hisham b.
*Abd al-Malik (103-123/72^-7^*3) ^e ^h61116 °f this study.
It commences with a survey of the major sources and brief
comments on some relevant modern works.
Chapter I deals with the early life of Hisham and
the situation in the empire prior to his accession to the
throne.
The second Chapter is concerned with the ShT'T oppo­
sition and is divided into two parts: part I deals with
the revolt of Zayd b. 'AIT. In it Zayd’s relationship with
his brother, al-Baqir, and his son, Ja'far al-§adiq, and
also with Wa$il b. 'A^a* are discussed. Zayd’s activities
before his revolt in addition to the events of the rebellion
and its consequences are thoroughly investigated. Part II
deals with the ghulat movement during the period under study.
Chapter III is also divided into two parts: part I
deals with the Berber revolt in North-Africa. The motives,
events and the results of this rebellion are discussed. The
Civil War in Spain is the subject of part II.
The Kharijite opposition in the east and the Coptic re­
volts in Egypt are presented in the fourth Chapter.
The motives, events and results of the rebellious move­
ment of al-Jarith b. Surayj are scrutinised in the fifth Chapter.
The sixth Chapter deals with the Arab conquest in
Khurasan and Transoxania while the seventh Chapter is
concerned with the Arab conquest in Armenia, Adharbayjah
and Caucasus in addition to the Arab-Khazar war during
the period under consideration.
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Firstly, it is my pleasure to thank Professor Bernard
Lewis for his guidance, encouragement and constructive
criticism during the preparation of this thesis.
To the staffs of S.O.A.S., London University, British
Museum, Bodleian and Camhridge University libraries, my very
grateful thanks. I am indebted to Mr. G.S.Schofield for his
kindness in making several manuscripts available to me.
The University of Jordan will be gratefully remembered
for having made this study possible, as will the authorities
of the British Council for their grant of a one year scholar­
ship.
For his personal help and encouragement my most sincere
gratitude is due to my teacher, Professor *Abd al-Karrm
GharaVbeh of the University of Jordan.
Amongst the many friends from whom I have received great
assistance I could not fail to include Dr. *Abd al-Amir *Abd
, £
Dixon of the University of Baghdad, Dr. 5assaXLa^-n
the University of Cairo, ^Uthmah *Tsa of the University of
Khartum and Miss Elizabeth Bastabie.
ABBREVIATIONS
AIOC All India Oriental Conference.
AIUON Annali Institute Orientale di Napoli.
AJSL American Journal of Semetic Languages
and Literature.
ANSM American Numismatic Society Museum.
AO Archiv Orientalni.
AUDTCFD Ankara University Dil Ve Tarih-Cografya
Fakultesi Dergisi.
BSOAS Bulletin of the School of Oriental and
African Studies.
BZ Byzantinische Zeitschrift.
CAJ Central Asiatic Journal.
DI Der Islam.
DOP Dumbarton Oaks papers.
HJT ^awliyyat al-Jami'a al-Tunisiyya.
IC Islamic Culture.
IQ Islamic Quarterly.
IR Islamic Review.
JA Journal Asiatique.
JAOS Journal of the American Oriental Society.
JBBRAS Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal
Asiatic Society.
JESHO Journal of the Economic and Social History
of the Orient.
VI1
JSS Journal of Semetic Studies.
JTJP Journal of the University of Peshawar.
JWH Journal of the World Histoxy.
MI Majallat al-Majma' al-'llmi al~'Iraqi.
MIA Majallat al-Majma* al-'llmi al-eArabi.
MKAB Majallat Kulliyyat al-J£dab, Baghdad.
MKAC Majallat Kulliyyat al-Kdab, Cairo.
MM Melanges Maspero.
MPV Macdonald presentation volume.
MTH Melanges *£aha $usain.
NC Numismatic Chronicle.
PBA Proceeding of the British Academy.
PPHC Proceeding of the Pakistan History Conference.
PCI Bevue Coloniale Internationale.
PEI Bevue des Etudes Islamique.
BN Bevue Numismatique.
BO Rocznik Oriental!styezny.
BSO Bivista degli Studi Oriental!.
SI Studia Islamica.
SII Studies in Islam.
SNE Schweizerische Numismatische Rundschau.
WOI The World of Islam.
ZDMG Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morganlandischen
Gesellschaft.
ZHPV Dr. Zakir ^usain presentation volume.
IUTRODUCTIOH
SURVEY OF SOURCES
As all extant sources except poetry and documents^
evidences emanate from the period of cAbbasid rule they show a
"bias against the Umayyads. This is an endeavour, therefore, to
scrutinise the sources and to test, as far as possible? the re­
liability of their information concerning the period under study.
The sources fall into two groups, one of which can be classified
as literary works and the other as documentary evidence.
Literary works include annals, local histories, religious books,
biographical works, Hadiths, literature and geographies. The
most important of these works ares
1. Khalifa b. Khayyat (d. 240/854-5) was a traditionist in
addition to being a historian and, as such, he quotes his authori­
ties from which he derived his information. Two of his works have
survived? the Tarikh and Kitab al-Tabaqat, Khalifa*s Tarikh be­
gins with the first year of Hijra and terminates with the year
230/844“5» in this work he cites a number of earlier writers who
are listed by the editor, A.D. al~*‘Umari, in the "introduction" to
Kitab al-Tarikh, His sources for the period under discussion are
^A,D. al-sUmari, introduction to Khalifa's Tarikh, I, pp. 26-45*