The Bronze Age in Atlantic France around 1600 B.C

11 Pages·4.199 MB·English

by  De Soto J.G.

The Bronze age in atlantic france around 1600 B. c.
José gomez de soto
Zusammenfassung Summary
Anhand der gegenwärtigen Dokumentationslage kann nur The current state of documentation allows us to present only
ein unvollständiges Bild über die nord- und westfranzösische an incomplete picture of 16th century B. C. Atlantic France,
Atlantikregion im 16. Jh. v. Chr. am Übergang von der frühen during the transition from the Early Bronze Age to the Middle
zur mittleren Bronzezeit (Bz A2/Bz B) skizziert werden. Bronze Age I (i.e. the Bz A2–Bz B transition).
Vor allem in der materiellen Kultur des täglichen Lebens Continuity phenomena mostly concern the populations’
und der handwerklichen Produktion lässt sich eine Kontinui- daily way of lives and productions. But some discontinuity
tät nachweisen. Es zeigt sich dagegen eine Veränderung der phenomena deeply affect the funerary practices. The highly
Bestattungssitten. So wird die prunkvolle Bestattungsweise ostentatious funerary practices observed during the Early
der Frühbronzezeit in Britannien und in den Ärmelkanallän- Bronze Age are followed by a very low visibility of the elites
der in der nachfolgenden mittleren Bronzezeit von einer Bei- through their grave goods during the Middle Bronze Age in
gabenausstattung abgelöst, in welcher die Eliten kaum Brittany and in the Channel countries, in contrast to a high
anhand ihrer Grabbeigaben als solche erkannt werden kön- visibility in continental center-west of the Duffaits Culture’s
nen. Im Gegensatz dazu steht eine deutliche soziale Abgren- elites. Regarding ritual practices, a tremendous increase in
zung der Eliten in der Duffait-Kultur im westlichen Zentral- the burying of metallic dryland hoards and an increase in the
frankreich. Für die rituellen Praktiken allgemein ist ein immersion of artifacts in bronze in rivers and other damp
beträchtlicher Anstieg niedergelegter Metallhorte sowie ein environments is to be noticed.
Zuwachs der Opferungen von Bronzeartefakten in Flüssen The years 16oo/15oo B. C. were clearly in Atlantic France a
oder Feuchtbodenmilieu zu konstatieren. period of drastic changes in the ideological and social sys-
Die Jahre an der Wende vom 16. Jh. v. Chr. zum 15. Jh. v. Chr. tems.
sind in dieser Region daher von tiefgreifenden Ver änderungen Despite a great number of new information recently pro-
in sozialen und ideologischen Systemen charakterisiert. vided by rescue archaeology, the data concerning 16th century
Neben zahlreichen neuen Erkenntnissen, die aktuelle Ret- Atlantic France (i.e. the transition between Early and Middle
tungsgrabungen ergaben, sind die Aussagemöglichkeiten zum Bronze Age) still remains very scarce. For most of the con-
16. Jh. v. Chr. (dem Übergang von der Früh- zur Mittelbronze- cerned areas, only data about the world of the dead and the
zeit) für das atlantische Frankreich noch immer sehr begrenzt. depositional practice of bronze material are truly abundant.
Für die meisten der betreffenden Regionen sind nur zu den
Bestattungssitten und der Bronze-Hortsitte sichere Angaben
zu machen.
Chrono-cultural correlations Channel-North Sea area, the beginning of the Duffaits Cul-
ture in continental centre-west and the Bz B-phase of the
Correlations between the Atlantic world’s cultures – particu- Hügelgräberkultur (Gomez de Soto 1995) was confirmed by
larly in the French area – and those of Central and even the recent dating of some southern German burials (Müller/
Mediterranean Europe can only be established through Lohrke 2oo9). Correlations between the south of Great Brit-
radiocarbon dating (though many of them, in particular the ain and the countries of the Channel and North Sea areas on
early dates, are marred by ranges too wide to be de facto the mainland are now also well established2.
useful for the drawing up of a precise chronology), and
through the traditional but effective cross-dating method.
We will not discuss this problem again, which has been Elite burials, from Early to Middle Bronze Age
already dealt with by several authors1 and recently re-exam-
ined by S. Gerloff, who has provided reliable correlation ta- 3rd millennium B. C.: the beginnings
bles between the Atlantic, north-alpine and Mediterranean
worlds (Gerloff 2oo7). The hypothesis of a supposed contem- Whereas the populations of the traditional Atlantic cultures
poraneity between the Treboul metallic horizon in Armo- remain faithful to multiple consecutive tombs, the contem-
rica, the metallic horizons from the same period in the poraneous Bell Beakers re-introduce the single burial tradi-
1 In particular Briard 1965; Pautreau 1979; 2 Rowlands 1976; Marcigny/Ghesquière 2oo3;
Blanchet 1984; Gomez de Soto 198o; Marcigny et al. 2oo7.
Gomez de Soto 1995.
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568 José Gomez de soto
5 cm
1 m
Fig. 1 La Folie, Poitiers, Dép. Vienne. Bell Beaker period grave. Right in top: all over ornamented (AOO) beaker from the grave.
tion. These burials are often located in the internal area of Early Bronze Age: a high funerary visibility for the
some ditched circular enclosures, the first occurrence of a privileged
type which will last until the end of the Late Iron Age. The
central pit from La Folie enclosure in Poitiers (Dép. Vienne) In the burial mounds of the »princelings of Armorica«, in
contained a single individual with a Rhine-type AOO beaker the words of J. Briard (1984), chambers made up of stone
and two debitage products (Fig. 1; Tcheremissinoff et al. slabs or dry-stone low walls can be found, sometimes also
2ooo). On the other hand, the double burial from Les Bouil- funerary houses in perishable building material. Some of
loires at Saint-Martin-du-Fraigneau (Dép. Vendée) contained these chambers have yielded luxurious grave goods, such as
two male individuals, one with the traditional bell beaker daggers with a wooden hilt decorated with thousands of
package (copper dagger and archer’s bracer), and the other little gold nails and discs (Kernonen in Plouvorn [Dép. Finis-
with no preserved material (Fig. 2; André 1998, 12o). This tère]; Fig. 3), short swords (Motta in Lannion [Dép. Côtes-
second grave raises the question of the relative status of the d’Armor]), low-flanged axes, ornaments in Baltic amber,
two deceased deposited in it and of the existence of social ceremonial arrowheads, sometimes luxurious metallic
inequalities, maybe in terms of a socially dominant/accom- wares, for instance the silver beaker from Brun-Bras in
panying dead relationship (Testard 2oo4)? Saint-Adrien (Dép. Côtes-d’Armor)3.
Some Bell Beaker burials, for instance in Trizay (Dép. The origin of barrow practice may date back to the transi-
Charente-Maritime) or Thiré (Dép. Vendée), have yielded tion period between Bell Beakers and Early Bronze Age, but
some tiny gold artefacts which herald those found in some burial mounds that could possibly date from this period are
Early Bronze Age barrows from Armorica or northern Aqui- very scarce and were excavated a long time ago, thus pro-
taine. viding very few information. Their chronological attribution
remains therefore debatable. Nevertheless, continuity be-
3 Briard 1984; Gabillot 2o1o; Nicolas 2o11. 4 Gerloff 1975; Gerloff 2oo7; Briard 1987.
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The Bronze age in aTLanTic france around 1600 B. c. 569
20 cm
Fig. 2 Les Bouilloires, Saint-Martin-de-Fraigneau, Dép. Vendée. Double Bell Beaker period grave. Copper dagger and stone wrist guard (green).
tween the two periods is indubitable: the ogival ceremonial formerly, but long-distance relationships existed anyway:
arrowheads for instance and other high-quality productions, the funerary house in tumulus 2 of Saint-Just (Bourbriac
which can be considered as knapped flint masterpieces, [Dép. Côtes-d’Armor]; Fig. 6), which recalls the Leubingen
undoubtedly come from the Bell Beakers’ square-eared one in Thuringia, shows possible links with the Baltic Sea
arrowheads (Fig. 4); the silver beaker from Saint-Adrien countries. Links exist also with the south of England, where
(Fig. 5) recalls the form of a ceramic handled beaker from the highly-related Wessex Culture expands at the same
the Middle Rhine Bell Beakers, variants of which are known period4 and with the Iberian Peninsula where some silver
as far as the Atlantic area. As already mentioned, the single ornaments may have come from.
burial spreads with the Bell Beakers only. Some stone cists were also used at the same time as bar-
There is no need to cite a remote Baltic origin for those rows. They contain seemingly less luxurious goods but
buried in the barrows or their culture, as it used to be done remain elite burials: some cists on the Groix Island as well
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570 José Gomez de soto
Fig. 3 Plouvorn, Dép. Finistère, Kernonen bar-
row. Early Bronze Age. Part of the grave goods
still in position. Content of a wooden chest:
three bronze daggers, bronze ring-headed pin
and wheel-headed pin. In the upper right
thumbnail: reconstitution of the gold nails orna-
ment of one of the daggers’ hilt.
as one in Plouhinec (Dép. Finistère) have yielded remark- circular enclosures with a central burial that come from the
able faience beads (Briard 1984). Bell Beaker tradition (Fig. 8–9). When preserved, the grave
Burials containing rich goods similar to those known in goods seem to be always very modest (Barbier 1998). As for
Armorica – in particular ceremonial arrowheads and bronze the cists and some Armorican barrows, it would be an error
daggers – and dating from the same period can also be to consider them as poor burials. The dead found in multiple
found in Normandy (Delrieu 2oo6, 122). consecutive burials in karstic caves probably had a much
This princely funerary phenomenon, which is so obvious more modest status.
in Armorica, has a parallel in other regions in western
France, such as Aquitaine. The deceased from the Singleyrac
grave (Dordogne) was buried with rich grave goods (Fig. 7): During the Middle Bronze Age: other ways of funerary
a decorated biconical vessel, the style of which is common in representing the elites
northern Aquitaine and the centre-west and recalls the pot-
teries from the Armorican barrows; a probably low-flanged On the basis of their grave goods, the Armorican barrows
axe; a metal-hilted dagger, maybe of Rhodanian or Italic have been classified in two categories that were long consid-
type; some gold spirals (Déchelette 191o, 142). This funerary ered to follow one other chronologically: those of the »first
equipment is similar to the one from most of Armorica and serie« contained bronze weapons and rich goods, those of
Wessex’s richest barrows. Other less munificent barrows the »second« one hold only potteries, among which the typi-
can nevertheless be noted for high-quality weapons: a hal- cal four-handled vessel. Interpreting these two series in
berd blade from Eynesse (Dép. Gironde), dagger blades quite terms of chronology is now only partially valid, as radiocar-
similar to some Armorican ones from Sauliac-sur-Célé bon dating has in some cases provided the same early dates
(Dép. Lot) and possibly Castelnau-de-Médoc (Dép. Gironde). for both. But radiocarbon dating also confirms that a great
Lastly, in the area of Sainte-Foy-la-Grande, on the borders of number of pottery burials actually date from the Middle
Gironde and Dordogne, some cists have yielded metal axes Bronze Age5.
(Chevillot 1989). Though this old chronological vision is not completely
In the centre-west, elites are less visible in funerary con- obsolete, other patterns must be considered as well, such as a
texts. There are no barrows with wealthy burials, just ditched selection based on sex (although the Armorican and Nor-
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The Bronze age in aTLanTic france around 1600 B. c. 571
Fig. 4 Plouvorn, Dép. Finistère, Kernonen barrow. Early Bronze Age. Part Fig. 5 Saint-Adrien, Côtes-d’Armor, Brun-Bras barrow. Early Bronze Age.
of the grave goods still in position. Content of a wooden chest: flint arrow Silver gobelet. High 12,2 cm, Width on its opening 1o,6 cm.
heads and amber wrist guard.
Fig. 6 Bourbiac, Côtes-d’Armor, Saint-Jude barrow. Early Bronze Age. Model.
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572 José Gomez de soto
The transition between Early and Middle Bronze Age in
Armorica thus shows major changes in the funerary prac-
tices.
The situation is similar in Normandy or in the regions
south of the Loire River, where some ditched circular enclo-
2 sures supposedly contained destroyed barrows. These
mounds are not factually attested and most structures might
have been used for religious practices rather than for fune-
rary ones, or at least used in the first place for a religious
purpose. When burials are found in these enclosures, they
3 contain no goods at all.
In karstic areas, burial deposits in caves continue into the
Middle Bronze Age. During this period, the dead are hence-
1
forth carefully selected. The multiple consecutive deposits
of the Early Bronze Age evolve from the beginning of the
Middle Bronze Age into deposits of one or a small number of
individuals, at least in the Duffaits Culture area, the only
4
one for which we have precise data (Gomez de Soto 1995,
Fig. 7 Singleyrac, Dép. Dordogne. Grave goods from the Singleyrac burial. 132; Boulestin/Gomez de Soto 2oo5). As in other karstic
Early Bronze Age. areas, (the young »princess« from the Collier Cave in Las-
tours [Dép. Aude] being a remarkably significant example) a
funerary deposit in a cave does not mean a lower social rank:
mand grounds are acid and destroy almost all the bones, in the Duffaits cave, some funerary deposits contained
which makes it impossible to establish a diagnosis), or even bronze ornaments as well as many Baltic amber beads; one
on ethnical criteria (this could be partly confirmed by a of these deposits, which yielded nearly two hundred amber
study of the barrows’ geographical distribution), etc. Some beads, also contained a blue glass bead of central-European
chambers, too, have no preserved material at all. Consider- origin (Fig. 1o). Regarding these burials in karstic environ-
ing them as burials of lower-ranking people is not valid ei- ment, the contrast is huge between the Early Bronze Age
ther, as some perishable goods may have possessed a high deposits, composed mainly of ceramics and often lacking
symbolical content or a higher social value than others still any other category of goods, and the rich Middle Bronze Age
preserved (there are many ethnographical examples). The deposits.
time spent for building the tomb also attests to the social
importance of the deceased.
Barrows are still erected in Armorica during the Middle Dryland and wetland metal hoards
Bronze Age, but the burials contain only ceramics and rare
goods such as metal artifacts, amber or faience beads are Metal hoards appear at the end of the Neolithic/Chalcolithic
lacking. Some stone cist graves without any goods could pos- period and this practice remains very well attested in Atlan-
sibly date from this period (Briard 1984). tic France during the whole of the Bronze Age6.
Fig. 8 Puyréaux, Dép. Charente, Les Marais.
Necropolis and cultual place of the Bronze
and Iron Age. Enclos F 1o2: Early Bronze Age
funeral enclosure. Black arrow indicates
Enclos F 1o2.
5 Briard 1984; Roussot-Larroque 2o1o, 197; 6 Briard 1965; Coffyn 1972; Pautreau 1979; Pennors 2oo4; Lagarde-Cardona 2o12;
Gabillot 2o1o. Gomez de Soto 198o; Gomez de Soto 1995; Mélin 2o11; Mélin 2o11a.
Blanchet 1984; Chevillot 1989; Gabillot 2oo3;
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The Bronze age in aTLanTic france around 1600 B. c. 573
Fig. 9 Puyréaux, Dép. Charente, Les Marais.
Early Bronze Age. Enclosure F 1o2, primarily
central grave.
It has long been recognized that the hoards found in the Here we will not debate once again the meaning of these
ground (known as »terrestrial« or dryland hoards) had been hoards; for most of them, the utilitarian interpretation has
deliberately buried. The same deliberate nature has long now given way to a vision of religious or other social prac-
been debated but is now definitively proved as well for most tices: it is now clearly established that the composition of
of the submerged objects found in damp environments, in dryland or wetland hoards has varied a lot in time and
running or stagnant waters such as marshes or peat bogs space following binding codes.
(Mélin 2o11; Mélin 2o11a). The number of hoards also varies a lot according to the
Bronze Age phases. The number of hoards increases clearly
299 a b 5 cm
a
123
b
123
151 154
155
153
152
150 182 124 147 158 157 156
Fig. 1o La Rochette, Dép Charente, the Duffaits cave. Middle Bronze Age. Part of the grave goods from the funerary assemblage 2. 299 blue glass; 123–
124, 147 bronze; other items amber.
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574 José Gomez de soto
Fig. 11 Evolution of the deposits in damp envi-
80 ronments in France, from Chalcolithic to First
Iron Age. Real time scale curve of the theoreti-
cal number of deposits per generation.
70
n
atio60
er
n
ge50
er
p
sits 40
o
p
e
d30
of
er
mb20
u
N
20
Early
Chalcolithic and Bronze Age BM 1 BM 2 BF 1 BF 2 BF 3 Iron
Age
0
2000 v.Chr. 1000 v.Chr.
in the MBA I/Bz B-phase; this concerns the terrestrial Conclusion
hoards from the Tréboul Armorican horizon and the paral-
lels from the Channel and North Sea countries, the centre- Despite very poor data, though varying a lot according to the
west and the Aquitaine, as well as the submerged hoards. areas and/or to certain aspects of the functioning of human
The rise is even more marked during MBA II/Bz C-phase societies, it is still possible to give a quick outline of 16th cen-
(Fig. 11; Mélin 2o11; Mélin 2o11a). tury B. C. Atlantic France, during the transition between
As for funerary practices, the 16th century shows drastic the chrono-cultural phases known as Early Bronze Age and
changes in the social and ritual practices. MBA I, equivalent to Bz A2 and Bz B-phases in the chrono-
logy used for Germany and central Europe.
Continuities are obvious and, which is not surprising,
Continuity factors? they concern mainly the populations’ ways of everyday life
and their productions.
Indication of continuity between Early Bronze Age and On the other hand, some discontinuity phenomena are
MBA I/Bz C-phases can be seen in several fields, at least in also visible. They deeply affect the funerary practices, parti-
the regions where the data is sufficient: continuity for cularly for the elites whose grave goods sometimes betray a
instance in the Armorican metallic production (Briard 1965), lower visibility, for instance in Brittany and the Channel
or the ceramic production in Normandy (Marcigny/Ghes- countries (of course, this discretion did not imply the social
quière 2oo3), Armorica (Roussot-Larroque 2o1o) or centre- effacement of the elites, who found new ways of ostentatious
west (Gomez de Soto 1995). Long-distance relationships still display, for instance by burying goods), or on the contrary a
exist, particularly across the Channel between Brittany, greater ostentation, as for the Duffaits Culture in the conti-
Normandy and England7. South of the Loire River, in conti- nental centre-west. Ritual practices are also affected by this
nental centre-west and northern Aquitaine, solid links are discontinuity, as shown by the remarkable development of
established from the MBA I/Bz B-phase with the Hügel- the hoarding practice and the great number of metallic arti-
gräberkultur area which is at the root of an unequaled flow facts buried in the ground and of bronze or precious metal
of luxurious goods as well as stylistic and technological items immersed in damp environments.
exchanges (Gomez de Soto 1995). On the other hand, the It is clearly noticeable that the years around 16oo/155o B. C.
Médoc and Saintonge areas keep their originality, as the brought drastic changes in the ideological and social sys-
style of its ceramic production in particular shows signs of tems in Atlantic France as well as in the entire middle
certain conservatism (Gomez de Soto 1995). Europe. Could it possibly have been a long-distance conse-
As afore written, on the contrary information concerning quence of the remote upheavals in the Aegean world for an
the ways of life – land use, settlements structure, economy, already largely integrated Europe?
etc. – remain scarce for most of the Atlantic France area de-
spite new elements provided by the development of preven-
tive archaeology. Exception is made for Normandy where a
strong continuity in land use traditions has been observed,
for instance on Tatihou Island (Marcigny/Ghesquière 2oo3).
7 Rowlands 1976; Marcigny/Ghesquière 2oo3;
Marcigny et al. 2oo7.
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The Bronze age in aTLanTic france around 1600 B. c. 575
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Tagungen des Landesmuseums für VorgeschichTe haLLe • Band 9 • 2013