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The Brill
Dictionary of
Ancient Greek
Franco Montanari
BRILL
The Brill Dictionary of Ancient Greek
The Brill Dictionary of Ancient Greek is the English translation of Franco Montanari’s
Vocaboiario deUa Lingua Greca. With 140,000 entries this is the most important
modern dictionary for Ancient Greek and an invaluable tool for students and
advanced scholars alike.
Franco Montanari is Professor of Ancient Greek Literature at the University of Genoa
(Italy), Director of the “Rivista di Filologia e di Istruzione Ciassica”, of the “Centro Italiano
deiiAnnee Phiioiogique” and of the “Aristarchus” project online, and is a member of
numerous international research centers and associations. Apart from the Vocaboiario
deiia Lingua Greca he has published many other scientific works on ancient scholarship
and grammar, archaic Greek epic poets and other Greek poets of the Classical and
Hellenistic periods, including Brill’s Companion to Hesiod (2009).
“For a number of years now, scholars at ease in Italian have benefitted enormously
from the riches, layout, concision, and accuracy of Professor Montanari’s Vocaboiario della
Lingua Greca, with its added advantage of the inclusion of names.
Hence classicists in general will welcome the English version of this very valuable
resource.”
Professor Richard Janko, University of Michigan
“Franco Montanari is a giant in our held, and his Dictionary is a major leap
forward for us....”
Professor Gregory Nagy, Harvard University
brill.com
Visual Guide
Grammatical tag (indecl. = indeclinable)
Translation (bold text)
Entry Λ, α, τό (όίλφα) indecL alpha, first letter of the Comment (italic text)
Greek alphabet·, εγώ εΐμι τό όίλφα κα'ι τό δ, ό
Example πρώτος κα'ι ό έσχατος, ή αρχή καΐτό τέλος I am the
Translation (regular text) Alpha and the Omega, the first and the last, the
beginning and the end NT. Apoc. 22.131| num. a' Source (New Testament, Revelations 22.13)
= 1; ,a = r,ooo.
a- and a- [IE *sm-; Lat. sem-, sim-, Ski. sa-; see Etymology (IE = Indo-European;
αμα] copulative prefix (α αθροιστικόν) express the asterisk signals a reconstmcted form;
Explication and commentary ing togetherness: a-πας all; όί-λοχος bed com Lat. = Latin, Skt = Sanskrit)
panion, wife I τό όίλφα σημαίνει πολλαχοϋ τό όμοϋ
alpha often signifies ‘together’ Plat. Crat. 405c
article, nominative feminine singular Lesbian ά art. nont fem. sg. Lesb., see ό, ή, τό.
article, nominative feminine singular Doric a art. nont fem. sg. Dor., see ό, ή, τό.
relative pronoun, nominative feminine singular a reL nont fem. sg. Lesb., see 8ς, ή, 8.
Lesbian
present indicative middle 3rd person singular όίαται Hes. Sc. 101, pres. bid. mid. 3. sg. of aco.
of the verbs όίω and άάω respectively άάται pres. ind. mid. 3. sg. of άάω.
Reference entries
άγαθοδότης -ου [αγαθός, δίδωμι] giver of good
Diotog. (Stob. 4.7.62) etc. ♦ adv. άγαθοδότως
giving good Eustr. in EN. 387.11 | generously
Dion21. CH. 120B
f-1
adverbial form of άγαθοδότης as separate entry άγαθοδότως adv., see άγαθοδότης.
αγαθοεργία and άγαθουργία -ας, ή [αγαθοεργός] Variant form of the entry
good deed, benefit Hdt. 3.154.1 Iul. 4.133d etc.
• Ion. -1η.
Numbers on a black background demarcate uses αγαθός -ή -όν Ο of pers. good: 0 well-born, no
and senses of the word. Further distinctions of ble It 21.109 etc. I with άφνειός 1l. 13.664 | with Source (Iliad 21.109; etc. et cetera, when
significance and usage are introduced by letters εύγενής Soph. fr. 724.1; καλοί καί αγαθοί όίνδρες the word is also found in other authors)
in square boxes. well-bom men, aristocrats Plut. Demosth. 4.1
cf καλοκάγαθος 0 valiant, skilful, capable, ex
cellent: ά. βασιλεύς good king 1l. 3.179; ά. θερά
πων excellent servant II. 16.165 II ► with acc. of
relation·, βοήν ά. good at the battle-cry, of power
ful voice It 2.408, aL; ά. γνώμην skilled atgiving Source (Iliad 2.408; aL= alibi (elsewhere),
when the word is found in other passages
Sign introducing the adverb 934 ♦ adv. άγαθώς well Hp. Off. 4.7 Aristot. Rh. of the same author)
1388b 6 etc. I interject, good!, very well! YT.Reg.
Sign introducing grammatical and 1.20.7 · amis τό ά. > τάγαθόν, τού ά. > τάγαθοϋ, Indicates transformation (in this case
dialectal forms and graphic variants οΐ ά. > άγαθοί, τά ά. > τάγαθά || prodelision δ ά. τό άγαθόν becomes τάγαθόν by crasis)
> δ’γαθέ (instead of crasis δγαθέ) || Lac. άγασός
Aristoph. Lys. 13011 Lesb. αγαθός | Cypr. άζαθός
later compar. άγαθώτερος (common. suppL άμεί-
νων and άμεινότερος, άρείων, βελτίων and βέλ-
τερος, κρείσσων, λώων and λωίτερος, φέρτερος) |
later superl. άγαθώτατος (common. suppL αόρι
στος, βέλτιστος and βέλτατος, κράτιστος, λώστος,
φέριστος e φέρτατος).
Numbered homographous entries ι. άκτή -ής, ή wheat, as flour or food II 11.631
etc.·, Δημήτερος ά. fruit of Demeter II 13.332, aL
[...]
2. άκτή -ής, ή [άκ-] 0 shore (of the sea), high
cliffs, land's end, promontory II 24.97, aL
αίρω impf. $pov, mid. pass, ήρόμην || fid. άρώ, mid. Principal parts: recorded next to the lemma,
pa,
Within the principal parts section, the double άροϋμαι || aar. ή mid. ήράμην | inf. ίφαι, mid contains actually attested forms. In forms with
vertical bars (||) separate the tenses; the single αρασθαι | ptc. άρας, mid άράμενος || pf. ^ρκα a single attestation, the source for the form is
bars (|) separate the moods within each tense. (gener. in compd.), mid ήρμαι (mid signf.) || ppf. sometimes recorded, together with the
3. pL (άπ)ήρκεσαν, mid pass. 3. sg. ^ρτο || aor. historical and dialectal context when appropriate.
pass, ηρθην || Jut. pass, άρθήσομαι.
Subdivisions of the entry. The numbers on a O active0 to raise, lift, with acc. \ intrans. act. Recapitulatory overview. Especially complex
black background followed by act., mid., and to rise 0 to take, in order to cany or trans entries (like prepositions, some verbs, pronouns,
pass, in italics indicate the respective port || pick up, gather, ofg rain \ of waterto and conjunctions) begin with a recapitulatory
subdivisions of the entry according to the draw 0 to take upon oneself, assume || to overview that aids orientation in the entry’s
verb’s three voices. nurture, educate | of garments to put on || component parts.
0
to nurture, educate mild, to decamp, de
part I ofs hipsto raise anchor, embark, abs.
to enroll, enlist 0 to take away, remove, elim
inate |, to destroy, kill, annul, suspend || phl-
los. to contest, deny 0 fig. to arouse, ex
alt, excite, aggrandize, exaggerate || to exalt,
praise © middle 0 to raise, lift, lift up, ex
alt 0 to take for oneself,choose, with acc. ||
to obtain, conquer 0 to take on oneself, take
to oneself 0 to remove, eliminate || to de
stroy, kill (Mfig-to rouse up, undertake © pas
sive 0 to be raised up, rise || aor. pass, to
be raised, rise; ppf. to be suspended, hang ||
0
med to swell milit. to embark || to leave
0 to be taken away, removed, eliminated 0 to
be exalted, be aggrandized, increase 0 to be
aroused, undertaken
Subdivisions of the entry. The bold letters O active 0 to raise, lift ► with acc. νεκρόν Sign introducing indications of government
in square boxes introduce different uses άείραντες lifting the corpse II. 17.718, aL Od. of case, and other syntactic constructions
and meanings of the verb. I. 141, al. etc.; άρ’όρθόν αίρεις... τό σόν κάρα; won’t
Further subdivisions of the entries are you lift up your head? Aeschl. Ch. 496, al. etc.
introduced by the double (||) and the single
(I) bar. on VT. Reg. 10.2.28, al. || to nurture, educate
HerOND. 9.13 milit. to decamp, depart, with
the troops ► abs. Thuc. 2.23.1; άρας τω στρατω
0
Hld. 9.22.5 © middle to raise, lift: άείρεσθαι
τά ιστία l< > hoist the sails Hdt. 8.56, al.; αιρόμενος
τούς Ιστούς having set up the masts (of the
0
Hdt. 4.150.3 © passive to be raised up, rise
II. 8.74 Od. 12.432 Thuc. 2.94.1 etc.; ές αιθέρα
... άέρθη she rose into the ether Od. 19.540
• epic pres. Ion. poet, άείρω (*a-Fep-), Lesb. At the end of the entry, the sign · introduces
άέρρω, epic poet, mid άείρομαι | imper. Lesb. dialectal, poetic, or otherwise notable variant
άέρρετε Sapph. 111.3 (ν.ί -ατε aor.) || epic impf. forms.
άειρον epic Ion. -ήειρον || epic aor άειρα, epic Ion.
-ήειρα, mid 3. sg. Dor άρατο | subj. act. 3. sg. poet.
άέρσν] | opt. 2. sg. άραις | imper mid 2. sg. epic
Ion άείραο | epic inf. mid Ion. άείρασθαι| epic ptc.
Ion άείρας, mid άειράμενος || later epic pf mid.
ηερμαι (pass.) || epic ppf. mid. pass. 3. sg. άωρτο
(< ηορτο) II epic aor. pass, άέρθψ epic Ion ήέρθψ,
3. pL epic άερθεν || always άρ-; for άρ- see άρνυμαι.
The Brill Dictionary of Ancient Greek
Translators
Rachel Barritt-Costa
Michael Chappell
Michael Chase
Ela Harrison
Patrick Paul Hogan
Jared Hudson
Sergio Knipe
Peter Mazur
Serena Perrone
Chad Schroeder
Chris Welser
Proofreaders
Mike Chappell
Ela Harrison
Patrick Paul Hogan
Davide Muratore
The Brill Dictionary
of Ancient Greek
By
Franco Montanari
Editors of the English Edition
Madeleine Goh & Chad Schroeder
under the auspices of the
Center for Hellenic Studies, Harvard University
Advisory Editors
Gregory Nagy
Leonard Muellner
ν' S
'68^
BRILL
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Preface
The history of dictionaries of Ancient Greek rests on a venerable and continued and renewed by numerous scholars up to the fifth edition in
multifaceted tradition, which over the centuries has led dictionaries four volumes, which came out in Leipzig from 1841 to 1857. Reprinted
themselves to assume strikingly different forms. We have testimonies from several times, it is still in use today. Little more than a decade later came
as far back as the fifth century BC, telling of Athenian boys intent on the publication of the first edition of the Greek-English dictionary by
understanding and translating Homer at school. At that time, translating George Liddell andJRobert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, Oxford 1843.
the language in which the lines of poems such as the Iliad and the Odyssey What is interesting to note is the concentration of works in the central
were written - an unfamiliar language far-removed from the customary part of the XIX century: 1831-1865, last edition of Stephanus’ Thesaurus;
linguistic forms - basically meant setting up a correspondence between 1831, first edition and 1841-1857, fifth edition of Passow's dictionary; 1843,
an ancient Homeric word that was difficult to understand and was no first edition of the Liddell-Scott lexicon, which within a century had
longer in common use, and a word current in the Greek of the translator’s reached the ninth edition (Oxford 1940), profoundly renewed under
day, whose form was thus immediately recognizable in the contemporary the editorship of Henry Stuart Jones and Roderick McKenzie. The LSJ
user’s language. This was particularly true for Homer, the sacred text that lexicon was then further extended in 1968, but only by the addition ofa
formed the quintessence of the paideia, which always constituted the supplement, published in a revised edition in 1996. For Christian Greek
basis of schooling and higher education, but it was also true, for instance, of the early centuries, LSJ was expanded by a companion volume, the
of the fundamental legal texts, such as the authoritative laws of Solon. Patristic Greek Lexicon by Geoffrey William Hugo Lampe, Oxford 1961.
The process was thus a translation from one kind of Greek to another The Liddell-Scott-Jones dictionary is used by scholars of antiquity as the
kind of Greek, in other words a translation into a different form of the reference dictionary for Greek, although the need for a profound revision
same language - an operation that linguists call "intralingual translation". of LSJ itself or for a completely new dictionary of Ancient Greek has been
The difficult words used above all in poetry needed an explanation, an put forward many times and is indeed increasingly felt, in order to take
equivalent in a more easily understandable language. into account more organically the advances of knowledge achieved over
Perhaps there was already some rudimental and highly limited form of the years.
"dictionary” even in those early times, or possibly the cultural background In Spain, the publication of the ambitious and massive Diccionario
and experience of the school-masters was sufficient What is certain Griego-Espanol directed by Francisco Rodriguez Adrados began in 1980:
is that a few centuries later, "dictionaries" of this kind did exist: in seven issues have come out so far, going up to about half-way through the
actual fact they were glossaries. In their most typical form (as can be letter epsilon (in 2008 a second edition of the first issue also came out,
observed in numerous papyrus fragments) they were arranged into two containing roughly the first half of the letter alpha): it is extremely difficult
columns: a difficult word in need of explanation was listed in the left-hand to say when it will be finished. Finally, it is worth recalling the Dictionnaire
column and the corresponding explanation in the contemporary Greek Grec-Franqais by Anatole Bailly, first published in Paris in 1894. In French
of educated people was shown in the right-hand column. These were schools and universities today, the edition of this Dictionnaire that is
therefore "monolingual” dictionaries, in the modem technical sense of in common use is the 26th edition, revised by Louis S£chan and Pierre
the definition. At a later stage, in the Graeco-Roman world of the imperial Chantraine, which came out in 1963 and has been reprinted several times,
age, with its socio-political and cultural context widely characterized by although no longer brought out in a revised edition.
Greek-Latin bilingualism, the bilingual glossary made its appearance, in For Italian students, up to the 1990s the dictionary most frequently
the form of an elementary Latin-Greek “dictionary” (destined to Greek used in schools and universities was the Vocabolario Greco-Italiano by the
speakers as an aid to understanding Latin texts, like Virgil) or Greek-Latin. Jesuit priest Lorenzo Rocci, published for the first time in Rome in 1939.
These constituted the first embryonic examples of a bilingual dictionary After a second edition in 1941, the author brought out a third edition in
of the Greek language. 1943, containing major revisions introduced with the aid (declared in the
The history of dictionaries of Ancient Greek in the modem age is Preface) of the ninth edition of the Liddell-Scott-Jones dictionary (which
associated with Greek-Latin bilingualism, originating from the Roman had appeared in 1940). This third edition was subsequently reprinted
imperial age but transported into a Europe where Latin played the role several times; eventually, a new edition came out in 2011. One important
of a lingua franca for communication among the cultured elites. The "new entrant” in the Italian context is GI - Vocabolario della Lingua Greca
greatest monument of this historical period is the grandiose work of Henri by Franco Montanari (in collaboration with Daniela Manetti and Ivan
Estienne (Henricus Stephanus), the Thesaurus GraecaeLinguae published Garofalo), published for the first time in 1995, then in a second edition
in Geneva in 1572, in five massive volumes. In this thesaurus, Latin was in 2004 and a third edition in 2013. The third Italian edition of GI formed
used to translate and provide brief comments on the Greek lemmata and the basis for this English version, published today by Brill: GE - The Brill
examples: it thus fulfilled the function of an intelligible intermediary for Dictionary of Ancient Greek.
those who wanted to learn Greek and translate from Greek. The sheer fact In Greece, to my knowledge the dictionaries used for study of Ancient
that this impressive work has by no means disappeared or been consigned Greek have so far been the following: the four volume-translation of
to oblivion suffices to give an idea of its value and the historic impact of the 8th edition (1897) of Liddell-Scott which came out at the beginning
its composition. Naturally, the edition that is still on the shelves in our of the 20th century - unfortunately in an extreme katharevousa, which
libraries today is no longer the 1572 version. Numerous alterations and renders it practically useless for students today; the large D. Dimitrakos,
enlargements culminated in the edition produced by the French publisher effectively a dictionary of the Greek language from ancient to modem,
Ambroise Firmin Didot, which came out in nine volumes between 1831 completed in 1959; Stamatakos’ Lexikon tes archaias ellenikes glossas,
and 1865 (and which has been reprinted frequently) with the scientific originally published in 1949 and reprinted since then a couple of times,
cooperation of some among the most valid specialists of the time, such as most recently in 2006; finally, an Epitomt of Liddell-Scott published in
the brothers Wilhelm and Ludwig Dindorf, Johann Friedrich Diibner and 2007, which however mainly covers only the archaic and classical authors.
others. That even as late as the nineteenth century it was felt appropriate Thus the need for a completely new dictionary has been clearly perceived
to publish a revised and corrected version of this great dictionary is by students and scholars alike. A response to this widely felt demand has
an eloquent testimony to the endurance and historical tenacity of the come from the publication in Athens, in 2013, of a version of GI in Modem
function of Latin as a linguaf ranca and to the persistence of Greek-Latin Greek: Synchrono Lexiko tes archaias ellenikes glossas, edited by Antonios
bilingualism in Europe. Rengakos. Considered within the framework of Greece, in a sense this
After the Thesaurus of Stephanus, the genuine and substantial novelty development embodies a revival of the idea of translation from Greek
in the field of scientific Greek lexicography was represented by the shift into Greek, from an ancient to a modem form of the Greek language,
from Greek-Latin bilingualism to the bilingual Ancient Greek - Modem though certainly bridging a distance that is now far more profound than
Language dictionary: that is to say, translation into a single language gave in the distant past. Thus one may wonder whether Ancient Greek -
way to the concept of translating into a multiplicity of languages, and Modem Greek dictionaries belong to the typology of bilingual dictionaries
hence to a diversification of dictionaries. There were, fundamentally, two or whether they should instead be viewed as monolingual dictionaries:
major works that marked the most important and decisive steps in this however, this may be a moot question, or it may have a political-cultural
direction. The first was Franz Passow’s Handworterbuch der griechischen significance that calls for further reflection.
Sprache, a Greek-German dictionary, originally a revision ofj. G. Scheider’s As mentioned earlier, this GE - The Brill Dictionary of Ancient Greek is
lexicon, whose fourth edition, the first as an independent work, was based on the third Italian edition of the above cited Italian GI- Vocabolario
published in Leipzig in 1831 in two volumes. Passow’s dictionary was then della lingua greca. First of all it is important to underline that attention
VI
in GI / GE is not restricted to language material dating from the archaic, the entire range of written evidence, new or even first critical editions of
Classical and Hellenistic eras. Significant consideration is also given to texts, discovery of new words, new attestations in previously unknown
later forms of Greek, in particular Greek of the imperial age and of the first genres or periods, lead to a constant enrichment of the data. Progress
centuries of Greek Judaic-Christian literature (Old and New Testament, of this kind is also based on a more extended and in-depth evaluation
Patristics, etc.), up to the Vlth century and with sporadic later examples of the full range of written testimony: accordingly, the use of electronic
(this is a period for which the great LSJ is notoriously weak, especially databases (first and foremost the Thesaurus Linguae Graecae of Irvine,
after the Ilnd century AD). Furthermore, GI / GE makes substantial use California) constitutes an essential aid.
The second factor is the medium utilised to translate and provide
an appropriate interpretation, namely the modem language, which
The third edition has been substantially revised and expanded. The obviously undergoes constant evolution and rapid change. This is a vital
numerous observations and suggestions put forward by scholars have aspect that cannot be disregarded: the language utilized to explain and
all been scrupulously examined and have led to a number of carefully translate must not be too remote from current everyday use. In other
assessed amendments and modifications. A general revision has resulted words, it must not constitute an additional stumbling block for the
in no small number of corrections, improvements and additions, among student. If the working tools available for studying the ancient language
which roughly 750 new lemmata in comparison to the previous edition. are too old and are written in an outmoded style of presentation, they
The most significant and important systematic interventions, which have become difficult to use and discourage students from exploring the
resulted in the identification and elimination of mumerous imperfections, subject
also deserve to be mentioned. A global revision of the initial list of Authors This idea of a “user-friendly” tool also includes the question of the layout,
and Works has allowed the introduction of a number of corrections which is of crucial assistance in consultation. In effect, the graphic layout
and additions, including a sizeable number of updated bibliographical is another element that has undergone remarkable change over the past
entries: accordingly, this repertory is increasingly becoming an important century and has made great progress: anyone who has had more than a
tool in its own right With regard to the examples and citations, a brief experience will certainly recollect the vastly different visual impact
systematic revision has been undertaken on the materials pertaining to of the tools available no more than a few decades ago. It is clear that for
the fragments of Euripides, the fragmentary comic dramatists (including students taking their first steps in the study of Ancient Greek, the graphic
Menander) and the fragmentary historians, as well as on the citations layout of their books must be suited to their tastes.
of Posidippus, Plutarch’s Moraiia, Lucian and some Fathers of the Today, a dictionary is above all the achievement of team work. I cannot
Church (such as Gregory of Nyssa). All the lemmata concerning the forget the beginning of the work in 1989, and everything that was done
so-called “prepositional adverbs” have been re-examined and reorganised thereafter for the three Italian editions, then for the Greek edition of
according to a coherent structure. All these improvements in the third 2013 and for the English edition which is now presented here. I owe a
Italian edition have been included in this English edition, in which it has heavy debt of thanks to the innumerable scholars whose invaluable work
also been possible to update the entries with corrections and additions has made this achievement possible. There are too many to list all by
not yet available in the third Italian edition. name, but I would like to express my personal thanks to those scholars,
Dictionaries of ancient languages, founded as they are on the written whose particular contributions have proven substantial. First, I would
testimony of the literature and other documents, certainly undergo a like to thank Gregory Nagy, Leonard Muellner and Madeleine Goh for
slower process of aging than dictionaries founded on the living usage their unending dedication to the project Second, I am grateful to Davide
of modem languages. Dictionaries of modem languages reflect the Muratore for his careful review and feedback, which greatly added to
current spoken forms, which are in constant and rapid evolution, but the accuracy of the dictionary. Next, I would thank my colleagues, Luigi
even dictionaries of ancient languages require updating, revision and Battezzato, Albio Cesare Cassio, Emanuele Dettori, and Fausto Montana
additions. In our case the need for a new dictionary, profoundly renewed" for their honest critiques and reviews as we entered the final stages. And
in comparison to its predecessors, is based essentially on three factors: lastly, I offer my gratitude to Chad Schroeder, who agreed to co-edit two
the language to be interpreted and translated, namely Ancient Greek; the years ago and whose insights and contributions since assuming this role
modem language that provides the translation and the glosses, i.e. the have proven immeasurable to the team. As I wrote in the preface to the
language spoken by the users of a bilingual dictionary; the graphic layout. first edition, GI / GE would probably have come into being without me,
Consideration of the first factor, Ancient Greek, implies taking into but certainly not without these contributors.
account the progress achieved in study of the texts and the language in
all its aspects. Features such as the broadening of lexical and grammatical Franco Montanari
knowledge, an in-depth reappraisal and updating of the interpretation of University of Genoa, June 2015
