The Brain and Behavior: An Introduction to Behavioral Neuroanatomy

247 Pages·2018·17.713 MB·English

by  David L. Clark

Cambridge University Press
978-1-316-64693-9 — The Brain and Behavior
4th Edition
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The Brain and Behavior
© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
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978-1-316-64693-9 — The Brain and Behavior
4th Edition
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The Brain and Behavior
An Introduction to Behavioral Neuroanatomy
Fourth Edition
David L. Clark, PhD
TheOhioStateUniversity
Nash N. Boutros, MD
UniversityofMissouri–KansasCity
Mario F. Mendez, MD, PhD
DavidGeffenSchoolofMedicine
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Title:Thebrainandbehavior:anintroductiontobehavioralneuroanatomy/
DavidL.Clark,Ph.D.,TheOhioStateUniversity,NashN.Boutros,M.D.,Universityof
Missouri–KansasCity,MarioF.Mendez,M.D.,Ph.D.,DavidGeffenSchoolofMedicine.
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4th Edition
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Toourwives,
Jane(D.L.C.),Sylvia(N.N.B.),andMary(M.F.M.)
Andtoourchildren,
Jennifer,Julie,andAmy(D.L.C.)
TammerandAlexandria(N.N.B.)
PaulandMark(M.F.M.)
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Contents
PrefacetotheFourthEdition ix
ListofAbbreviations x
1 Introduction 1 10 Brainstem 151
2 AnatomyoftheGrossBrain 4 11 LimbicSystem:TemporalLobe 164
3 Histology 14 12 LimbicSystem:CingulateCortex 197
4 OccipitalandParietalLobes 33 13 AsymmetryandInterhemispheric
Connections 216
5 TemporalLobe:NeocorticalStructures 56
6 FrontalLobe 73
7 BasalGanglia 103
8 Diencephalon:Hypothalamusand
Index 233
Epithalamus 124
9 Diencephalon:Thalamus 140 Color plates are to be found between pp. 132 and
133.
vii
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Preface to the Fourth Edition
This text is intended as an introduction to the com- togiveanopportunityforamorein-depthlookatthe
plexityofhumanbrainanatomyinasimplifiedform. subjectinquestion.
Structures emphasized arethose that are involvedin We have made many changes and additions.
behaviors important to the clinician. The veritable Several of the chapters on cortex are completely
tsunamioffunctionalimagingstudiesofthebrainin rewritten.Forexample,ourunderstandingofthecin-
humanspublishedinthepastsixyearshascontribu- gulate cortex has dictated a move from a two-part
tedgreatlytotheunderstandingoftheroleplayedby model to a four-part model with subdivisions. A
various parts of the brain. Imaging techniques have number of the accompanying illustrations in earlier
evolvedtoprovideamuchmoredetailedviewofbrain editions have been removed and new ones added to
structure. In addition, diffusion tensor imaging now match the updated content. We introduced the con-
allowsaviewoftherelativeintegrityofwhitematter ceptofbrainnetworksinthethirdeditionasagroup
neural pathways. Paralleling the volume and resolu- of brain regions that interact together. This edition
tion of detail is the gradual realization that brain providesanintroductiontomorethantennetworks.
function is more complex than previously under- We have also expanded the sections on clinical con-
stood. This has made our goal of a simple, easy-to- siderations. This reflects the publication of more
read introduction to clinical neuroanatomy more detailed studies involvinglarger numbers ofpatients
difficult. As with previous editions, our attempt to with specific disorders. In several cases the studies
present function in a simplified voice is prone to havesampledbrainactivityatseveralpointsintime,
distortion. To aid the reader from straying too far providing a sense of changes in brain anatomy and
off the path we have provided numerous references functionoveryears.
ix
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Abbreviations
CNS Centralnervoussystem
5-HT 5-hydroxytryptophan(serotonin)
CRH Corticotropin-releasinghormone
AC Anteriorcommissure
CSF Cerebrospinalfluid
ACC Anteriorcingulatecortex
CT Computedtomographic
ACh Acetylcholine
D Dopaminereceptorstype1and2
AChE Acetylcholinesterase 1,2
DA Dopamine
ACTH Adrenocorticotropichormone
dACC Dorsalanteriorcingulatecortex
AD Alzheimerdisease
ADHD Attention-deficithyperactivitydisorder dAIC Dorsalanteriorinsularcortex
DBS Deepbrainstimulation
AFP Anteriorfacepatch
DB DiagonalbandofBroca,verticallimb
AI Anteriorinsula v
DFPAN DorsalFrontoparietalAttention
AIC Anteriorinsularcortex
Network
AIPA Anteriorintraparietalarea
DG Dentategyrus
aIPS Anteriorintraparietalsulcus
DLPFC Dorsolateralprefrontalcortex
aMCC Anteriormidcingulatecortex
DMN Defaultmodenetwork
AMH Anti-Mullerianhormone
AMPA α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxa- DMPFC Dorsomedialprefrontalcortex
dPCC Dorsalposteriorcingulatecortex
zoleproprionate
DTI Diffusiontensorimaging
AN Anteriornucleus
DWI Diffusion-weightedimaging
APS Anteriorperforatedsubstance
EC Entorhinalcortex
ARAS Ascendingreticularactivatingsystem
E-LTP Earlylong-termpotentiation
ASD Autismspectrumdisorder
EPI Epinephrine
ASP Aspartate
EPSP Excitatorypostsynapticpotentials
ATP Adenosinetriphosphate
FA Fractionalanisotropy
BA Brodmannarea
FEF Frontaleyefield
BDNF Brain-derivedneurotropicfactor
FFA Fusiformfacearea
BLa Basolateralcellgroupoftheamygdala
FLAIR Fluidattenuatedinversionrecovery
BNST Bednucleusofthestriaterminalis
FTD Frontotemporaldementia
BOLD Blood-oxygen-leveldependent
GABA Gamma-aminobutyricacid
BP Bipolardisorder
GCS GLYcleavagesystem
BPD Borderlinepersonalitydisorder
GLU Glutamate
bvFTD Behaviorvariantfrontotemporal
GLY Glycine
dementia
GP Globuspallidus
CA Cornuammonis
GPe Globuspallidusexternalsegment
CC Corpuscallosum
GPi Globuspallidusinternalsegment
CeM Centromedialcellgroupofthe
GTS GillesdelaTourettesyndrome
amygdala
Hb Habenula
CEN Centralexecutivenetwork
CFP Cingulo–frontal–parietal HIV Humanimmunodeficiencyvirus
HPA Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal
Ch Cholinergiccellgroup
ICG Intercalatedcellgroupsoftheamygdala
cIPS Caudalintraparietalsulcus
x
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ListofAbbreviations
INAH Interstitialnucleusoftheanterior PIC Posteriorinsularcortex
hypothalamus pMCC Posteriormidcingulatecortex
IPL Inferiorparietallobule PNS Peripheralnervoussystem
IPN Interpeduncularnucleus POA Preopticarea
IPS Intraparietalsulcus PPA Parahippocampalplacearea
LC Nucleuslocuscoeruleus PPN Pedunculopontinenuclei
LD Lateraldorsalnucleus PPRF Paramedianpontinereticular
LDt Laterodorsaltegmentalnucleus formation
LEC Lateralentorhinalcortex PRC Perirhinalcortex
LGB Lateralgeniculatebody PTg Pedunculopontinetegmentalnucleus
L-LTP Latelong-termpotentiation PTSD Posttraumaticstressdisorder
lPOA Lateralpreopticarea Pul Pulvinar
LS Lateralseptum PVN Paraventricularnucleus
LTN Lateraltuberalnucleus RBD Rapideyemovementbehaviordisorder
LTP Long-termpotentiation REM Rapideyemovement
MAP Mentalandphysical RSC Retrosplenialcingulatecortex
MB Mammillarybody sACC Subgenualanteriorcingulatecortex
MCC Midcingulatecortex SAD Seasonalaffectivedisorder
MCI Mildcognitiveimpairment SB Socialbrain
MD Mediodorsalnucleus SCN Suprachiasmaticnucleus
MEC Medialentorhinalcortex SEF Supplementaryeyefield
MGB Medialgeniculatebody SI Primarysomatosensorycortex
MI Massaintermedia SII Secondarysomatosensorycortex
MIPA Medialintraparietalarea SMA Supplementarymotorarea
mIPS Middleintraparietalsulcus SMC Supplementarymotorcomplex
MLF Mediallongitudinalfasciculus SN Saliencenetwork
MPFC Medialprefrontalcortex SNpc Substantianigraparscompacta
mPOA Medialpreopticarea SPL Superiorparietallobule
MPTP 1-methyo-4-phenyl- STG Superiortemporalgyrus
1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine STS Superiortemporalsulcus
MRI Magneticresonanceimaging SWS Slow-wavesleep
MS Medialseptum SZ Schizophrenia
MST Medialsuperiortemporalarea TBI Traumaticbraininjury
MT Middletemporalvisualarea(V5) TIA Transientischemicattack
MTLE Medialtemporallobeepilepsy TMS Transcranialmagneticstimulation
NAc Nucleusaccumbens ToM Theory-of-mind
NE Norepinephrine TP Temporalpole
NMDA N-methyl-D-aspartate TPJ Temporoparietaljunction
NREM Non-rapideyemovement UF Uncinatefasciculus
NST Nucleusofthesolitarytract V1 Primaryvisualcortex
OC Opticchiasm V2 Secondaryvisualcortex
OCD Obsessive-compulsivedisorder V3 Tertiaryvisualcortex
OFC Orbitofrontalcortex V4 Quaternaryvisualcortex
pACC Pregenualanteriorcingulatecortex VA Ventralanteriornucleus
PAG Periaqueductalgray vAIC Ventralanteriorinsularcortex
PbN Parabrachialnuclei VL Ventrallateralnucleus
PCC Posteriorcingulatecortex VLPFC Ventrolateralprefrontalcortex
PD Parkinsondisease vPCC Ventralposteriorcingulatecortex
PET Positronemissiontomography VPL Ventralposterolateralnucleus
PFC Prefrontalcortex VPM Ventralposteromedialnucleus
PHC Parahippocampalcortex VTA Ventraltegmentalarea
xi
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Chapter Introduction
1
Introduction The neuraxis in the human runs as an imaginary
straight line through the center of the spinal cord
Human behavior is a direct reflection of the anatomy
andbrainstem(Figure1.1).Atthelevelofthejunc-
andphysiologyofthecentralnervoussystem.Thegoal
tionofthemidbrainanddiencephalon,however,the
of the behavioral neuroscientist is to uncover the neu-
neuraxis changes orientation and extends from the
roanatomical substrates of behavior. Complex mental
occipital pole to the frontal pole (Figure 1.1).
processesarerepresentedinthebrainbytheirelemen-
Theneuraxislocatedabovethemidbrainistheneur-
tarycomponents.Elaboratementalfunctionsconsistof
axis of the cerebrum and is sometimes called the
subfunctions andare constructedfrom both serialand
horizontalneuraxis.Across-sectiontakenperpendi-
parallel interconnections of several brain regions.
cular to the horizontal neuraxis is called a coronal
An introduction to the nervous system covers general
(frontal)section.
terminologyandtheventricularsystem.
Withregardtotheneuraxisofthespinalcordand
brainstem:
Major Subdivisions
(cid:129) Dorsal(posterior)meanstowardtheback.
The nervous system is divided anatomically into the (cid:129) Ventral(anterior)meanstowardtheabdomen.
central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral ner- (cid:129) Rostralmeanstowardthenose.
voussystem(PNS).
(cid:129) Caudalmeanstowardthetail.
(cid:129) TheCNSismadeupofthebrainandspinalcord. (cid:129) Thesagittal(midsagittal)planeisthevertical
(cid:129) ThePNSconsistsofthecranialnervesandspinal
planethatpassesthroughtheneuraxis.Figure1.1
nerves.
iscutonthesagittalplane.
Physiologically, the nervous system can be divided (cid:129) Theparasagittalplaneisparalleltothesagittal
intosomaticandvisceral(autonomic)divisions. planebuttoonesideortheotherofthemidline.
(cid:129) Thesomaticnervoussystemdealswiththe (cid:129) Ahorizontalsectionisacutoftissuetakenparallel
contractionofstriatedmuscleandthesensationsof totheneuraxis(Figure9.1).
theskin(pain,touch,temperature),theinnervation (cid:129) Across-section(transversesection)isacuttaken
ofmusclesandjointcapsules(proprioception),and perpendiculartotheneuraxis(Figures10.1–10.3and
thereceptionofsensationsremotetothebodyby 10.5).
wayofspecialsenses.Thesomaticnervoussystem
With regard to the neuraxis of the cerebrum (hori-
sensesandcontrolsourinteractionwiththe
zontalneuraxis):
environmentexternaltothebody.
(cid:129) Dorsal(superior)meanstowardthetop(crown)of
(cid:129) Theautonomicnervoussystemcontrolsthetone
theskull.
ofthesmoothmusclesandthesecretionofglands.
(cid:129) Ventral(inferior)meanstowardthebaseoftheskull.
Itsensesandcontrolstheconditionoftheinternal
(cid:129) Rostral(anterior)meanstowardthenose.
environment.
(cid:129) Caudal(posterior)meanstowardtheoccipital
boneoftheskull.
Common Terms
(cid:129) Thesagittal(midsagittal)planeisthevertical
The neuraxis is the long axis of the brain and spinal planethatpassesthroughtheneuraxis.
cord(Figure1.1).Across-section(transversesection)is (cid:129) Theparasagittalplaneisparalleltothesagittal
a section taken at right angles to the neuraxis. planebuttoonesideortheotherofthemidline.
14:30:44
02
1:Introduction
Plane of Figure1.1 Theneuraxisis
Cerebrum orientation
coronal section thelongaxisofthespinal
Dorsal cordandbrain.Theneuraxis
superior ofthehumanbrain
changesatthejunctionof
Caudal Rostral themidbrainand
posterior anterior diencephalon.Caudalto
thisjunction,orientationis
Ventral
asshowninthelowerright
inferior
(Brainstemorientation).
Rostraltothisjunction,
orientationisasshownin
theupperleft(Cerebrum
Occipital Frontal orientation).
pole pole
Horizontal
neuraxis
Plane of
horizontal section Plane of
cross section
poDstoerrsioarl suRpoesritorarl
Neuraxis inCfearuiodral anVteenriotrral
Brainstem orientation
(cid:129) Ahorizontalsectionisacutoftissuetakenparallel graymatterofthecerebralcortex,thewhite
tothehorizon. matterbeneathit,andthecorpusstriatumof
(cid:129) Acoronalsection(transversesection)isacut thebasalganglia.
takenperpendiculartotheneuraxis. ‡ Thediencephalonismadeupofthethalamus,
thehypothalamusbelowit,andthe
OthertermsthatrelatetotheCNS:
epithalamuslocatedaboveit.
(cid:129) Afferentmeanstoortowardandissometimes
usedtomeansensory. (cid:129) Thebrainstemliescaudaltotheprosencephalon.
(cid:129) Efferentmeansawayfromandissometimesused Itconsistsofthefollowing:
tomeanmotor. ‡ Themesencephalon(midbrain):
(cid:129) Ipsilateralreferstothesameside.Contralateral ‡ Therhombencephalon,whichismadeupof
referstotheoppositeside. thefollowing:
TheCNSdifferentiatesembryologicallyasaseriesof (cid:129) Themetencephalon,whichcontainsthe
subdivisionscalledencephalons.Eachencephaloncan ponsandcerebellum
beidentifiedintheadultbrain.Inmanyregionsofthe (cid:129) Themyelencephalon(medullaoblongata)
brain, the embryological terminology is applied to
adultbrainsubdivisions: Ventricular System
(cid:129) Theprosencephalonisthemostanteriorofthe
Thecentralcanaloftheembryodifferentiatesintothe
embryonicsubdivisionsandconsistsofthe
ventricularsystemoftheadultbrain.Theventricular
telencephalonanddiencephalon.Thecerebrumof
cavities are filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF),
theadultcorrespondswiththeprosencephalon.
which is produced by vascular tufts called choroid
‡ Thetelencephalonconsistsofthetwocerebral plexuses. The ventricular cavity of the telencephalon
hemispheres.Theseincludethesuperficial is represented by the lateral ventricles (Figure 1.2).
14:30:44
02