The Boundary Flux Handbook: A Comprehensive Database of Critical and Threshold Flux Values for Membrane Practitioners

158 Pages·2015·1.798 MB·English

by  Marco Stoller, Javier Miguel Ochando-Pulido

The Boundary Flux
Handbook
A Comprehensive Database
of Critical and Threshold Flux
Values for Membrane Practitioners
Marco Stoller
La Sapienza University of Rome
Department of Chemical Materials Environmental Engineering
Rome
Italy
Javier Miguel Ochando-Pulido
University of Granada
Department of Chemical Engineering
Calle Real de Cartuja
Spain
AMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDON NEWYORK OXFORD
PARIS SANDIEGO SANFRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO
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About the Editors
Marco Stoller, born in Bonn, Germany, on December 16, 1974, and of
German-Italian nationality, is an activeresearcher in membrane technologies,
in particular in the area of membrane fouling. His research work started in
2000, during his Ph.D. thesis entitled “Development of a purification process
of olive mill wastewater by membranes,” and has been carried out continu-
ously up to the present day. He is Assistant Professor in the Department of
ChemicalMaterialsEnvironmentalEngineeringattheUniversityofRome“La
Sapienza.”Heisauthorofmorethan35papersininternationalpeer-reviewed
scientificjournals,morethan70contributionstoconferenceproceedings,and
more than 25 oral presentations at international congresses. In 2009, he was
invited to give a lecture to the younger researchers at the Network Young
Membrains 2009 event, held in Meze´ just before Euromembrane 2009. In
2013, he was awarded the “Certificate for Excellent Presentation” for the
research work “Fouling inhibition and control by threshold flux estimation in
thetreatmentofolivevegetationwastewaterbymembranes-in-seriesprocess”
at the 1st International Conference on Desalination using Membrane Tech-
nology, promoted by Elsevier.
DrStollerhastakenpartinsixEuropeanprojects,threeoftheminvolving
the application of membrane processes, and has contributed to the dissemi-
nation of the fundamentals and applications of membrane processes in some
mastercoursesdevotedtoprofessionalqualificationsandinsomeconferences
in the wider community. He is an active member of the Italian Chemical
EngineerAssociationsince2001,memberofEMSsince2004andmemberof
EFCE, Section on Membrane Engineering, since 2007.
JavierMiguelOchando-Pulido,borninJae´n,Spain,isayoungbutactive
researcherinthemembranefield,especiallyinreverseosmosis,nanofiltration
and ultrafiltration technologies, and fouling issues. He completed his under-
graduatestudiesintheUniversityofGranada(Spain),andafterwardreceiveda
state grant from the Science and Innovation Spanish Ministry to do his Ph.D.
thesis on olive mill effluent reclamation in the Chemical Engineering
Department of the University of Granada.
During his postgraduate studies, he also received a state grant from the
Science and Innovation Spanish Ministry to do a residence period in the
Department of Chemical Materials Environmental Engineering at the Uni-
versityof Rome “La Sapienza,” under the direction ofProf. AngeloChianese
and Dr Marco Stoller. During this time, he improved his knowledge of
vii
viii AbouttheEditors
advanced oxidation processes and membrane technologies for industrial
effluent treatment.
In December 2012 he presented his Ph.D. thesis, entitled “Application of
membranetechnologyforthedepurationofolivemillwastewater.”In2013,he
wasawardedthe“CertificateforExcellentPresentation”fortheresearchwork
“Fouling inhibition and control by threshold flux estimation in the treatment
of olive vegetation wastewater by membranes-in-series process” at the 1st
International Conference on Desalination using Membrane Technology,
promotedbyElsevier.HecontinueshispostdoctoralresearchintheChemical
Engineering Department of the University of Granada, where he works as a
lecturer. He is author of 24 papers published in international peer-reviewed
scientific journals, more than 30 contributions to conference proceedings,
and several oral presentations at international congresses.
Preface
Manytimesmembranepractitionersneedtoknow,asquicklyaspossible,how
membraneswillperform,givenaspecificfeedstockandseparationtarget,when
integrated into an existing process or when designed from scratch for new
processes. Unfortunately, many times it is not possible to provide a quick and
reliableanswer.
Themainproblemistoestimateapriorimembranefoulingissues:howthey
willaffectthelongevityofthemembranemodulesand,asaconsequence,impact
the overall economic balance of the process. The longevity of the membrane
modules isoneof themain factors, togetherwith theirselectivityandproduc-
tivity,inproperlydesigningmembraneapplications.
Inresponsetothisneed,oneoftheauthors,MarcoStoller,startedtodevelop
apersonaldatabasebasedonallthecasestudiesinvestigatedduringhiscareer.
The database was useful for both research and counseling purposes: for
research, it was useful to define fouling problems before starting the experi-
mental setup and campaign in order to have an idea of the experiment’s run
times and to save the membrane from premature blocking. In the case of
counseling, with the complementary aid of proper tools, the database was
successfullyusedforquickandreliableestimationofmembraneperformancein
specific systems.
Theproblemaroseassoonasthedatabasewasnotextendedenoughtohave
usefulinformationoneverypossiblesystem.Apersonaldatabaseturnedoutto
betoolimitedtocoverallcasesfacedduringworkasamembranepractitioner.
The point at which it was necessary to extend the database was therefore
reached.
Duringthisperiodoftime,aPh.D.studentnamedJavierMiguelOchando-
Pulido, from the University of Granada in Spain, was visiting the Department
ofChemicalEngineeringtostudymembraneprocessesandmembranefouling.
Inthefollowingyearshemanagedtoefficientlyapplythecriticalandthreshold
flux concepts during his research. He expressed the same need to have an
extendeddatabaseavailabletosupporthiswork.
The decision to write this handbook was, therefore, finally made at the
beginningof2013.
The main core of this handbookdthat is, the database of critical and
threshold (hereafter merged as boundary) flux valuesdis based on published
data. Sometimes the values were measured and given directly as a main
result, but many times a successive evaluation by the authors was required to
ix
x Preface
extract the useful information on foulingfrom the informationincluded in the
papers.
Personal gratitude from the authors to all contributors, as listed in the
referencessectionofthisbook,isherebyacknowledgedandexpressed.
The authors also want to thank all the people supporting their studies and
research:
l The Chemical Plants group at the Department of Chemical Materials
Environmental Engineering at the University of Rome “La Sapienza,” in
particular Prof. Angelo Chianese, full professor in the department, who
promoted and supported the critical and threshold flux research.
l the Chemical and Biochemical Technology Research Group of the
Chemical Engineering Department at the University of Granada, in
particular Prof. Dr Antonio Martinez-Ferez, associate professor in the
department, who assisted in and facilitated the membrane technologies
research in the laboratories.
l Our respective families, who supported the authors during their studies:
Dr Hermann Stoller, Latina Bolzoni, Luisa Conte, and Alice Stoller; and
Mar´ıaRitaPulidoBosch,MiguelOchandoCruz,EduardoOchandoPulido,
Antonio Pulido Peramos, and Encarnacio´n Cruz Miranda.
This handbook will notrepresent an endpoint to research. It represents the
actual state of the art in using commercially available membranes inhibiting
foulingissues(and,thus,astartingpointtoimprovementoftheirperformance
throughfurtherresearch)andausefultooltohelpmembranepractitionersdesign
membraneprocesses.
Rome,June24,2014
DrIng.MarcoStoller
onbehalfoftheauthors
Index of the Database
THEBOUNDARYFLUXDATABASE
1. AGRICULTURAL DRAINAGE WATER 42
2. ALDRIN SOLUTION 43
3. ALGAE CULTURE OF C. SOROKINIANA 44
4. ALGAE CULTURE OF M. AERUGINOSA 45
5. AMMONIUM SOLUTION 46
6. ANAEROBIC MBR SLUDGE SOLUTION 47
7. ANILINE SOLUTION 48
8. ANIONIC SURFACTANT SOLUTION 49
9. ARSENIC SOLUTION 50
10. ATRAZINE SOLUTION 51
11. BAKERYEAST WASTEWATER 52
12. BARIUM SOLUTION 53
13. BEVERAGE PRODUCTION WASTEWATER 54
14. BORIC ACID SOLUTION 55
15. BORON SOLUTION 56
16. BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN (BSA) 57
17. BRACKISH WATER 58
18. BUFFERED SYNTHETIC WATER SOLUTION 59
19. CADMIUM SOLUTION 60
20. CAR MANUFACTURERWASTEWATER 61
21. CHROMATE SOLUTION 62
22. CHROMIUM SOLUTION 63
23. COCOON WASTEWATER 64
24. COKING WASTEWATER 65
25. COPPER SOLUTION 66
26. DAIRY FLUIDS 67
27. DAIRY UF PERMEATE 68
28. DAIRY WASTEWATER 69
29. DYE SOLUTION 70
30. E. COLI 71
31. EUTROPHIC SOURCE WATERWITH GREEN ALGAE
A (CHLORELLAVULGARIS) 72
32. EUTROPHIC SOURCE WATERWITH GREEN ALGAE
B (CHODATELLA SP.) 73
xi
xii IndexoftheDatabase
33. EUTROPHIC SOURCE WATERWITH GREEN ALGAE C
(MICROCYSTIS SP.) 74
34. EXPANDED POLYSTYRENE SOLUTION (EPS) 75
35. FECAL COLIFORM SUSPENSION 76
36. FLOURIDE SOLUTION 77
37. GELATIN SUSPENSION 78
38. GEOTHERMALWATER 79
39. GROUNDWATER 80
40. HIGH SALINITY DRILLING WATER 81
41. HUMIC ACID SOLUTION 82
42. IRON SOLUTION 83
43. LACTIC ACID SOLUTION 84
44. LANDFILL LEACHATE 85
45. LANDFILL LEACHATE MBRWASTEWATER 86
46. LATEX SUSPENSION 87
47. LEAD SOLUTION 88
48. MALT EXTRACT WASTEWATER 89
49. MICROALGAE SUSPENSION OF CHLORELLA 90
50. MICROALGAE SUSPENSION OF CHLAMYDOMONAS 91
51. MICROALGAE SUSPENSION OF CYLINDROTHECA
FUSIFORMIS 92
52. MODIFIED SKIM MILK SOLUTION 93
53. MYOGLOBIN SOLUTION 94
54. NATURAL RUBBER SKIM LATEX SUSPENSION 95
55. NATURAL ORGANIC MATTER SOLUTION (NOM) 96
56. NICKEL SOLUTION 97
57. NITRATE SOLUTION 98
58. OIL-IN-WATER EMULSION 99
59. OILY INDUSTRIALWASTEWATER FROM
ANIMAL INDUSTRY 100
60. OILY WASTEWATER 101
61. OLIVE MILLWASTEWATER FROM 2 PHASE
PROCESSES 102
62. OLIVE MILLWASTEWATER FROM 3 PHASE
PROCESSES 103
63. P. PUTIDACELLS SUSPENSION 104
64. PAPER INDUSTRY WASTEWATER 105
65. POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL SOLUTION (PEG) 106
66. PETROCHEMICALWASTEWATERS 107
67. PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY WASTEWATER 108
68. PHENOL SOLUTION 109
69. PLASMID DNA SOLUTION 110
70. POLYMER FLOODING IN OIL SOLUTION WASTEWATER 111
71. POLYMERIC SUSPENSION 112
IndexoftheDatabase xiii
72. POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE SOLUTION 113
73. POLYSTYRENE LATEX SUSPENSION 114
74. PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA SUSPENSION 115
75. RAW RICE WINE 116
76. RAW RIVERWATER 117
77. RED WINE 118
78. ROUGH NONALCOHOLIC BEER 119
79. SAFRANIN T SOLUTION 120
80. SEAWATER 121
81. SECONDARY MUNICIPAL EFFLUENT 122
82. SEQUENCED BATCH REACTOR EFFLUENT 123
83. SHELL GAS PROCESS WASTEWATER 124
84. SEWAGE WATER 125
85. SILICA PARTICLES SUSPENSION 126
86. SIMAZINE SOLUTION 127
87. SODIUM ALGINATE SOLUTION 128
88. SOYBEAN BIODIESEL 129
89. SYNTHETIC OILY WASTEWATER 130
90. TEXTILE INDUSTRY WASTEWATER 131
91. TITANIUM DIOXIDE SUSPENSION 132
92. TOMATO INDUSTRY WASTEWATER 133
93. WHEY SOLUTION 134
94. XYLENE SOLUTION 135
95. YEAST SUSPENSION 136
Chapter 1
Introduction
In the last yearsthe use ofmembrane technologies asstand-alone,integrated,
or substitutive processes has been sensibly increasing, and the related market
is becoming more active. The reason lies in the many advantages this tech-
nology may offer, from both a technical and an economic point of view, if
compared to conventional ones. The availability of new membrane materials,
membrane design, membrane module concepts, and general know-how pro-
motes credibility in investors. Unfortunately, one main drawback remains
membrane fouling. In past decades, this problem has perceptibly affected the
reliabilityofthetechnology,anddespitethedevelopment,understanding,and
validation of the fouling phenomena theories and their description in mem-
brane processes in order to overcome the knowledge gap, this feeling still
persists.Thelackofdevelopmentofreliabletoolstoinhibitfoulingrepresents
a main constraint holding membrane technologies away from a definitive
maturation.
Currently, proper membrane process design of systems affected by
fouling issues can be a difficult task to accomplish. Plant designers target
the project variables concerning productivity and selectivity, but may not be
inthepositiontoestimatecorrectlythemembranelongevity.Theestimation
of this parameter, which mainly affects the economics of the membrane
process, is based on experience and supplier’s data, and this may not be
sufficient as a guarantee to investors who demand precise balance
calculations.
Inthepresenceoffouling,thelongevityofthemembranemodulesandthe
constancyofthepermeatefluxesasafunctionoftimeareequallyasimportant
astheprojecttargetsconcerningproductivityandselectivity[1].Foulingmay
leadtoanirreversiblereductionofthepermeatefluxrateasafunctionoftime.
Themainconsequenceisashorterlifetimeofthemembranesandanincrease
of the operational costs given by the substitution of the clogged modules. In
ordertoovercomethisuncertainty,designerstendtooverdesignthemembrane
plant [2]. In most cases, the overdesign is performed by using high safety
margins or by past experience of the designer, starting only from the knowl-
edgeofthepermeateprojectvalue,withoutconsideringindetailtheentityand
nature of fouling. This approach was considered to be successful in order to
guarantee the process performances, and investors feel comfortable using a
process characterized by many advantages at increased costs.
TheBoundaryFluxHandbook.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-801589-6.00001-2
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