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THE BLACKWELL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SOCIOLOGY
The Blackwell
Encyclopedia of
Sociology
Edited by
George Ritzer
# 2007 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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First published 2007 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd
4 2009
Library of Congress CataloginginPublication Data
Blackwell encyclopedia of sociology, the / edited by George Ritzer.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4051-2433-1 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Sociology Encyclopedias. I. Ritzer, George.
HM425.B53 2007
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2006004167
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Contents
About the Editor and Managing Editors vii
Advisory Editors ix
Contributors xv
Acknowledgments lxi
Introduction lxiii
Timeline lxxi
Lexicon xciii
EntriesAtoZ 1 -5325
Select Bibliography 5327
Selected Websites 5339
Index 5341
About the Editor and Managing Editors
EDITOR
George Ritzer is Distinguished University Professor at the University of Maryland. Among his
awards: Honorary Doctorate from La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia; Honorary Patron,
University Philosophical Society, Trinity College, Dublin; American Sociological Association’s
DistinguishedContributiontoTeachingAward.HehaschairedtheAmericanSociologicalAssocia
tion’s Section on Theoretical Sociology, as well as the Section on Organizations and Occupations.
Among his books in metatheory are Sociology: A Multiple Paradigm Science and Metatheorizing in
Sociology.Intheapplication ofsocial theorytothesocial world,his booksinclude TheMcDonaldi
zation of Society, Enchanting a Disenchanted World, and The Globalization of Nothing. He has
published two volumes of his collected works, one in theory and the other in the application of
theory to the social world, especially consumption. In the latter area, he is founding editor of the
Journal of Consumer Culture. He has edited the Blackwell Companion to Major Social Theorists and
co editedtheHandbookofSocialTheory.InadditiontotheEncyclopediaofSociology,hehasedited
the two volume Encyclopedia of Social Theory. His books have been translated into over 20
languages, with over a dozen translations of The McDonaldization of Society alone.
SENIOR MANAGING EDITOR
J.MichaelRyanisaPhDcandidateinsociologyattheUniversityofMaryland.Hisdissertation will
focus on the fusion of emerging new urban and consumer landscapes. He has contributed to two
other encyclopedias, The Encyclopedia of Social Theory and Great Events in History: The LGBT
Series. He currently serves as Managing Editor of the Journal of Consumer Culture as well as
listserv manager for the Consumer Studies Research Network. His awards include the UMD
2004 LGBT Award for Outstanding Leadership and Community Advocacy as well as a C.
Wright Mills fellowship. His other publications with George Ritzer include ‘‘Toward a Richer
Understanding of Global Commodification: Glocalization and Grobalization,’’ Hedgehog Review 5
(2) and ‘‘Transformations in Consumer Settings: Landscapes and Beyond’’ (also with Jeff
Stepnisky) in Inside Consumption, edited by R. Ratneshwar and David Mick.
ASSISTANT MANAGING EDITOR
BetsyThornisadoctoralstudentinSociologyattheUniversityofMaryland.Herinterestsinclude
socialtheoryandthesociologyofthefamily.Herrecentworkincludesamaster’sthesisthatapplies
Pierre Bourdieu’s theory to a qualitative analysis of women’s roles as consumers and in the labor
forceinthepost warera,aswellasquantitativeanalysesoftime usepatternswithinthefamily.Her
awards include a C. Wright Mills fellowship.
Advisory Editors
Rebecca G. Adams is Professor of Sociology SuzanneM.BianchiisProfessorandChairof
at theUniversity of NorthCarolina at Greens the Department of Sociology at the University
boro. Her publications include: Deadhead of Maryland. She is a Past President of the
SocialScience(2000),PlacingFriendshipinCon Population Association of America and co
text (1998), Adult Friendship (1992), and Older editorofthejournalDemography.Sheisauthor
Adult Friendship: Structure and Process (1989). of Changing Rhythms of American Family Life
A Past President of the Southern Sociological (with John Robinson and Melissa Milkie,
Society and Fellow of the Gerontological 2006).
Society of America and of the Association for
GerontologyinHigherEducation,sheservesas ChrisCarterisaProfessorofManagementat
Editor of Personal Relationships and as a Mem the University of St. Andrews in Scotland. He
ber at Large of the Council of the American is a Visiting ICAN Fellow at the University
Sociological Association. of Technology, Sydney. He has published in
journals such as Accounting, Organizations and
Syed Farid Alatas is an Associate Professor Society, Critical Perspectives on Accounting,
at the National University of Singapore spe Human Relations, Industrial Relations Journal,
cializing in sociological theory and historical and Organization and Organization Studies.
sociology. His publications include Alternative
Discourse in Asian Social Science: Responses to Roberto Cipriani is Professor of Sociology
Eurocentrism(2006)andDemocracyandAuthor and Chair of the Department of Sciences
itarianism in Indonesia and Malaysia: The Rise of Education at the University of Rome 3.
of the Post Colonial State (1997). He has served as a Visiting Professor at the
University of Sa˜o Paulo, at the University of
Graham Allan is Professor of Sociology at BuenosAires,andatLavalUniversity,Quebec.
the University of Keele, UK, and Visiting He served as editor in chief of International
Professor in Family Studies at the University Sociology, and is currently President of the
of British Columbia, Vancouver. His recent Italian Sociological Association.
books include Placing Friendship in Context
(1998, with Rebecca Adams); Families, House Stewart R. Clegg is a Professor at the Uni
holds, and Society (2001, with Graham Crow); versityofTechnology,Sydney,andDirectorof
and The State of Affairs (2004, with Jean ICAN Research, a Key University Research
Duncombe, Kaeren Harrison, and Dennis Center. He also holds Chairs at Aston Univer
Marsden). sityandisaVisitingProfessorattheUniversity
of Maastricht and the Vrije Universiteit,
Peter Beilharz is Professor of Sociology and Amsterdam. He has published extensively in
Director of the Thesis Eleven Center for Cri manyjournalsandhascontributedalargenum
ticalTheoryatLaTrobeUniversity,Australia. ber of books to the literature, including the
He is author or editor of 22 books, including award winningHandbookofOrganizationStud
Imagining the Antipodes (1997) and Zygmunt ies (2nd edition 2006, co edited with Cynthia
Bauman(2000).HewasProfessorofAustralian Hardy, Walter Nord, and Tom Lawrence).
Studies at Harvard, 1999–2000, and is Fellow HismostrecentbooksareManagingandOrga
of the Center for Cultural Sociology at Yale. nizations:AnIntroductiontoTheoryandPractice
Heiscollaboratingonanintellectualbiography (2005, with Martin Kornberger and Tyrone
ofthefoundingmotherofAustraliansociology, Pitsis)andPowerandOrganizations(2006,with
Jean Martin. DavidCourpassonandNelsonPhillips).
