Table Of ContentThe
Biophysical
Foundations
Human
of
Movement
I8S
\
The
Biophysical
Foundations
Human
of
Movement
Dedication
To all those scholars, past and present, who have contributed to the
academic credibility of the study of human movement.
The
Biophysical
Foundations
Human
of
Movement
Bruce Aberneth)
Vaughan Kippers
Laurel Traeger Mackinnon
Robert Neal
.1.
Stephanie Hanrahan
The I niversityofQueensland, fustralia
tf&
V^
HUMAN
KINETICS
.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-Publication Data
Thebiophysical foundationsofhuman movement/BruceAbernethy . .
letal.].
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical referencesand index.
ISBN0-88011-732-X
1. Human mechanics. 2. Biophysics. I. Abernethy, Bruce, 1958-
QP303.B586 1997 96-50009
612.7'6-dc21 CIP
ISBN: 0-88011-732-X
Copyright© 1996, 1997 byA.B. Abernethy, L.T. Mackinnon, R.J. Neal, V. Kippers, andS.J. Hanrahan
All rights reserved. Except for use in a review, the reproduction or utilization ofthis work in any form or by
any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including xerography, photo-
copying, and recording, and in any information storage and retrieval system, is forbidden without the written
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FirstpublishedinAustraliain 1996by MacmillanEducationAustraliaof 107 Moray Street, South Melbourne,
Victoria3205. (ISBN0-7329-3048-0, paper; ISBN0-7329-3047-2,cloth)
This international versionpublished in 1997 by Human Kinetics Publishers, Inc.
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1
Contents
Preface vii
Part 1 Introduction to human movement studies 2
1 Human movement studies as a discipline and a profession J
2 Historical origins of the academic study of human movement 14
Further reading 28
Part 2 The biophysical subdisciplines of human movement 30
Section 1 Anatomical bases of human movement: The rabdiscipline of
functional anatomy 31
Introduction
3 Basic concepts of the musculoskeletal system Yf
4 Basic concepts of anthropometry
5 Musculoskeletal changes throughout the lifespan
6 Musculoskeletal adaptations to training 91
Further reading 103
Section 2 Mechanical bases of human movement: The subdisciplinc ol
biomechanics 105
Introduction 106
7 Basic concepts of kinetics l in
Ml
B Basicconcepts of kinematics
9 Basic concepts ofenergetics 146
10 BiomechanicaJ changes throughout the lifespan 156
1 Biomechanical adaptations to training 169
Further reading 79
1
section l Physiological bases ol human movement: The rabdiscipline of
exercise physfolog] 181
Introduction
I 2 Basic concepts of exercise metabolism
6
CONT1\
1S
13 Physiological adaptations to training 210
14 Changes in physiological capacity and performance throughout the lifespan 231
15 Applications of exercise physiology to health 246
Further reading 262
Section 4 Neural bases of human movement: The subdiscipline of motor
control 263
Introduction 264
16 Basic concepts of motor control: Neurophysiological perspectives 269
17 Basic concepts of motor control: Psychological perspectives 295
18 Motor control changes throughout the lifespan 312
19 Motor control adaptations to training 334
Further reading 353
Section 5 Psychological bases of human movement: The subdiscipline of
sport and exercise psychology 355
Introduction 356
20 Basic concepts of sport psychology 359
21 Basic concepts of exercise psychology 371
22 Physical activity and psychological factors across the lifespan 380
23 Psychological adaptations to training 386
Further reading 392
Part 3 Multidisciplinary and crossdisciplinary approaches to human
movement 394
24 Integrative perspectives 395
Glossary 405
Index 4
1
VI
1
Preface
Knowledge about the biophysical foundations • provide an overview ot the multidimensional
of human movement is important for a number changes in movement and movement poten-
of reasons. A thorough understanding of human tial that occur throughout the lifespan with
movement is fundamental to professional prac- the processes ot growth, development, matu-
tice in a range of fields such as exercise and ration and ageing
sport science, physical education, medicine, • provide an overview of the multidimensional
physiotherapy, occupational therapy, musing, changes in movement and movement poten-
and other rehabilitation and health-science tial that occur as an adaptation to training,
professions. Furthermore, the study of human practice And other lifestyle factors
movement is also of value in itself as a means
Fulfilling the first purpose involves consider-
of examining key biological phenomena such as
ation of the biophysical dimensions of the field
maturation, adaptation and the interactions
ot study known variously as human movement
between hereditary- and environmental factors,
studies, human movement kinesiol
which underpin growth and development.
or sport and and examination
Despite the central importance of movement.
of the discipline profession links in this field
in an applied sense, to professional preparation
Gaining an overview of the structure of the
in the health sciences and, in a basic sense, to
athne uinndterrosdtuacntdoriyng osfubhjeucmtanonbioltohgey, biinoptheyascihcianlg cHoeulrdseissesipnecihalulmyainmpomrotvanetmetnottstsutduednitesstaaksing.1
means of providing .\n entice to more detailed
foundations of human movement we have been studv within one Of more of the BubdiSCiplines
dsuurcptroirsyedteaxttbtohoek atbosCeOnVceet otfhisa fsiueiltdabTlheisintterxot- ot human movement studies and as .1 means of
laying the foundations foi integrative, multi-
was written in an attempt to redress that
disciplinary ami crossdisciplinary stud;
shortfall.
Fulfilling the second and thud purposes is
menTthewBaisopwhryistitceanl FwoiutnhdatthireoensmoatinHupmuarpnosMeos in important as .1 means ot exposing readers to
fundamental issues in biology itself and in
mind, namely
positioning the studv ot movement as maim
.1
• provide An introduction to key concepts (-on topk withm human biol< have deliber-
Cerning the anatomical, mechanical ph\ ately sei ItJOfl
logical, neural and psychological bases ot as key organising themes tor this book because
human movement ot then centrality to biology itself Gaining
VI
PREFACE
knowledge about the processes of growth, dev- predict the functioning and 'behaviour' of the
elopment, maturation and ageing aids under- human 'motor vehicle'. The scientist attempt-
standing of the key changes in movement ing to understand the human body and its poten-
potential throughout the lifespan that, because tial for movement is faced with synthesising
of their inevitability, impact directly on all of some of the same general classes of knowledge
us. Although the processes of maturation and that the automotive engineer needs in order to
ageing are inevitable, adaptation (through understand an inanimate motor vehicle and its
training, practice and lifestyle decisions) offers potential for movement. To understand and
humans some degree of control of their own optimise the performance of a motor vehicle
destiny and capabilities. It is our sincere hope the automotive engineer needs specific know-
that the clear message about the important role ledge about the vehicle's material structure
physical activity plays in the maintenance of (its anatomical basis), its mechanical design
health, which arises from consideration of adap- characteristics (its mechanical basis), its motor's
tation within each of the biophysical sub- capacity and fuel consumption (its physiological
disciplines of human movement, will be one basis), its electrical wiring and steering mech-
that readers of the text will not only take to anisms (its neural basis), and the characteristics
heart themselves in making personal lifestyle and capabilities of its driver (its psychological
decisions but will also communicate to others. basis). In the case of the human 'vehicle' this
The Biophysical Foundations of Human information is provided by the subdisciplines
Movement has been intentionally structured of functional anatomy, biomechanics, exercise
into three major parts to broadly reflect its three physiology, motor control and sport and exercise
main purposes. Part 1 provides a general intro- psychology and the interactions between them.
duction to human movement studies as a field Within Part 2, each of the five biophysical
of study. It does this by examining the disci- subdisciplines of human movement studies is
plinary and professional structure of contem- discussed in a separate section, with the struc-
porary human movement studies (Chapter 1) ture of each of the sections being broadly the
and by providing a brief overview of the same. Each section begins with a brief intro-
historical origins of the current academic field duction, which defines the subdiscipline and
(Chapter 2). provides information on its historical develop-
Part 2, the largest part of the book, provides ment, the typical issues and problems it
an introduction to basic concepts, to lifespan addresses, the level(s) of analysis it uses and
changes, and to adaptations arising in response relevant professional training and organisations.
to training, within each of the five major bio- This introduction is then followed by a number
physical subdisciplines of human movement. of chapters that overview the basic concepts
These are the subdisciplines of functional anat- within each ot the subdisciplines and is then
omy, biomechanics, exercise physiology, motor followed by separate chapters devoted to con-
control and sport and exercise psychology. sideration ot lifespan changes and adaptation.
These subdisciplines represent respectively the The exercise physiolog) section also contains
anatomical, mechanical, physiological, neural an additional chapter devoted to specific appli-
and psychological bases of human movement cations ot fundamental principles ot exercise
It a erode analogy was drawn between the physiology to health.
human body and .1 motor vehicle [erode in the Part i ot the hook is devoted to multi-
sense thai the analogy would grossly under- disciplinary and crossdisciplinary approaches to
estimate the complexity, dynamics and adaptive human movement and provides some examples
potential of the human machine] then the ot contemporary issues m which the application
v.mous biophysical Bubdisciplines recognised and integration ot knowledge from a numbei ot
within hum.m movement studies have reason the biophysical subdisciplines .ne fundamental
able analogues in terms of the minimal to understanding The material presented in
'clusters' of knowledge needed to explain and this part ot the text is designed to demonstrate
\ in
