Table Of Content
THE BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
FOURTH EDITION
Biomedical
Engineering
Fundamentals
THE BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
FOURTH EDITION
Biomedical
Engineering
Fundamentals
Edited by
Joseph D. Bronzino
Founder and President
Biomedical Engineering Alliance and Consortium (BEACON)
Hartford, Connecticut, U.S.A.
Donald R. Peterson
Professor of Engineering
Dean of the College of Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics, and Nursing
Texas A&M University – Texarkana
Texarkana, Texas, U.S.A.
MATLAB® is a trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. and is used with permission. The MathWorks does not warrant the
accuracy of the text or exercises in this book. This book’s use or discussion of MATLAB® software or related products
does not constitute endorsement or sponsorship by The MathWorks of a particular pedagogical approach or particular
use of the MATLAB® software.
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Version Date: 20141009
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-2519-8 (eBook - PDF)
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been
made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the valid-
ity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright
holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this
form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may
rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or uti-
lized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopy-
ing, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the
publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://
www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923,
978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For
organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for
identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com
Contents
Prefaceix
Editors xv
Contributors xvii
MATLAB Statement xxv
Section i Physiologic Systems
Herbert F. Voigt
1 An Outline of Cardiovascular Structure and Function1-1
Daniel J. Schneck
2 Kidney Structure and Physiology 2-1
Joel M. Henderson and Mostafa Belghasem
3 Nervous System 3-1
Evangelia Micheli-Tzanakou
4 Vision System 4-1
Aaron P. Batista and George D. Stetten
5 Auditory System 5-1
Ben M. Clopton and Herbert F. Voigt
6 Gastrointestinal System 6-1
Berj L. Bardakjian
7 Respiratory System 7-1
Arthur T. Johnson, Christopher G. Lausted, and Joseph D. Bronzino
Section ii Biomechanics
Donald R. Peterson
8 Mechanics of Hard Tissue 8-1
J. Lawrence Katz, Anil Misra, Orestes Marangos, Qiang Ye, and Paulette Spencer
9 Musculoskeletal Soft-Tissue Mechanics 9-1
Richard L. Lieber, Samuel R. Ward, and Thomas J. Burkholder
v
vi Contents
10 Joint-Articulating Surface Motion 10-1
Kenton R. Kaufman and Kai-Nan An
11 Joint Lubrication 11-1
Michael J. Furey
12 Analysis of Gait 12-1
Roy B. Davis III, Sylvia Õunpuu, and Peter A. DeLuca
13 Mechanics of Head/Neck 13-1
Albert I. King and David C. Viano
14 Biomechanics of Chest and Abdomen Impact 14-1
David C. Viano and Albert I. King
15 Cardiac Biomechanics 15-1
Andrew D. McCulloch and Roy C. P. Kerckhoffs
16 Heart Valve Dynamics 16-1
Choon Hwai Yap, Erin Spinner, Muralidhar Padala, and Ajit P. Yoganathan
17 Arterial Macrocirculatory Hemodynamics 17-1
Baruch B. Lieber
18 Mechanics of Blood Vessels 18-1
Thomas R. Canfield and Philip B. Dobrin
19 The Venous System 19-1
Artin A. Shoukas and Carl F. Rothe
20 The Microcirculation Physiome 20-1
Aleksander S. Popel and Roland N. Pittman
21 Mechanics and Deformability of Hematocytes 21-1
Richard E. Waugh and Robert M. Hochmuth
22 Mechanics of Tissue/Lymphatic Transport 22-1
Geert W. Schmid-Schönbein and Alan R. Hargens
23 Modeling in Cellular Biomechanics 23-1
Alexander A. Spector and Roger Tran-Son-Tay
24 Cochlear Mechanics 24-1
Charles R. Steele and Sunil Puria
25 Inner Ear Hair Cell Bundle Mechanics 25-1
Jong-Hoon Nam and Wally Grant
26 Exercise Physiology 26-1
Cathryn R. Dooly and Arthur T. Johnson
27 Factors Affecting Mechanical Work in Humans 27-1
Ben F. Hurley and Arthur T. Johnson
Section iii Biomaterials
Joyce Y. Wong
28 Metallic Biomaterials 28-1
Joon B. Park and Young Kon Kim
Contents vii
29 Ceramic Biomaterials 29-1
W. G. Billotte
30 Polymeric Biomaterials 30-1
Hai Bang Lee, Gilson Khang, and Jin Ho Lee
31 Composite Biomaterials 31-1
Roderic S. Lakes
32 Biodegradable Polymeric Biomaterials: An Updated Overview 32-1
C. C. Chu
33 Biologic Biomaterials: Tissue-Derived Biomaterials (Collagen) 33-1
Shu-Tung Li
34 Biologic Biomaterials: Silk 34-1
Biman Mandal and David L. Kaplan
35 Biofunctional Hydrogels 35-1
Melissa K. McHale and Jennifer L. West
36 Soft Tissue Replacements 36-1
K. B. Chandran, K. J. L. Burg, and S. W. Shalaby
37 Hard Tissue Replacements 37-1
Sang-Hyun Park, Adolfo Llinás, and Vijay K. Goel
Section iV Bioelectric Phenomena
Roger C. Barr
38 Basic Electrophysiology 38-1
Roger C. Barr
39 Volume Conductor Theory 39-1
Robert Plonsey
40 Electrical Conductivity of Tissues 40-1
Bradley J. Roth
41 Cardiac Microimpedances 41-1
Andrew E. Pollard
42 Membrane Models 42-1
Anthony Varghese
43 Computational Methods and Software for Bioelectric
Field Problems 43-1
Christopher R. Johnson
44 The Potential Fields of Triangular Boundary Elements 44-1
A. van Oosterom
45 Principles of Electrocardiography 45-1
Edward J. Berbari
46 Electrodiagnostic Studies 46-1
Sanjeev D. Nandedkar
viii Contents
47 Principles of Electroencephalography 47-1
Joseph D. Bronzino
48 Biomagnetism 48-1
Jaakko Malmivuo
49 Electrical Stimulation of Excitable Tissue 49-1
Dominique M. Durand
Section V neuroengineering
Daniel J. DiLorenzo
50 History and Overview of Neural Engineering 50-1
Daniel J. DiLorenzo and Robert E. Gross
51 Theory and Physiology of Electrical Stimulation of the Central
Nervous System 51-1
Warren M. Grill
52 Transcutaneous FES for Ambulation: The Parastep System 52-1
Daniel Graupe
53 Comparing Electrodes for Use as Cortical Control Signals: Tines,
Wires, or Cones on Wires—Which Is Best? 53-1
Philip R. Kennedy
54 Development of a Multifunctional 22-Channel Functional Electrical
Stimulator for Paraplegia 54-1
Ross Davis, T. Johnston, B. Smith, R. Betz, T. Houdayer, and A. Barriskill
55 An Implantable Bionic Network of Injectable Neural Prosthetic
Devices: The Future Platform for Functional Electrical Stimulation
and Sensing to Restore Movement and Sensation 55-1
J. Schulman, P. Mobley, J. Wolfe, Ross Davis, and I. Arcos
56 Visual Prostheses56-1
Robert J. Greenberg
57 Interfering with the Genesis and Propagation of Epileptic Seizures
by Neuromodulation57-1
Ana Luisa Velasco, Francisco Velasco, Marcos Velasco, Bernardo Boleaga,
Mauricio Kuri, Fiacro Jiménez, and José María Núñez
58 Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of Deep Brain Regions 58-1
Yiftach Roth and Abraham Zangen
