The Biomechanics of Impact Injury : Biomechanical Response, Mechanisms of Injury, Human Tolerance and Simulation

706 Pages·2018·29.69 MB·English

by  Albert I

Albert I. King
The Biomechanics
of Impact Injury
Biomechanical Response, Mechanisms
of Injury, Human Tolerance and
Simulation
The Biomechanics of Impact Injury
Albert I. King
The Biomechanics of Impact
Injury
Biomechanical Response, Mechanisms
of Injury, Human Tolerance and Simulation
AlbertI.King
DepartmentofBiomedicalEngineering
WayneStateUniversity
Detroit,MI,USA
ISBN978-3-319-49790-7 ISBN978-3-319-49792-1 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-49792-1
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016957987
©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG2018
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To the Holy Spirit for inspiring, guiding,
and enabling me to write this book
To Liz, my wife for 56 years, whose patience,
love, and service have enabled me to pursue
my career and goals in injury biomechanics
Deo gratias
Preface
Theaimofthisbookistosummarizethesignificantprinciplesandresearchresults
in injury biomechanics for graduate students and professionals in the field of
automotive safety. It is based on several decades of injury research and grew out
of a course in computer modeling of impact biomechanics that I developed and
taught for many years. Since modeling requires basic knowledge of the biome-
chanics of impact, a lot of material related to impact injury was included in the
course.Asaresult,thisbookprovidesthereaderwithnotonlythemodelsavailable
to simulate impact on the human body but also the fundamental knowledge of
impact biomechanics. It covers injury to the entire body, from head to toe, and it
discusses the four main areas of the field, namely, mechanical response, injury
mechanisms,humantolerance,andsimulationofimpacttovariousbodyregions.
Thebookisorganizedbybodyregionwithtopicsofspecialinterestaddedatthe
end. Head injury is emphasized because there is currently no cure for this injury,
anditishopedthatthedetailedinformationprovidedwillleadtoeffectivepreven-
tionofthisinjury.Topicsofinteresttotheautomotivesafetyengineerincludeside
impact and car-pedestrian impact. The book concludes with a chapter on sports-
relatedimpact(contact)injuriesinfootballandbaseball.Asignificantportionofthe
materialcoveredisbasedontheworkdoneatWayneStateUniversitybymyself;
my colleagues Dr. King H. Yang, Dr. John M. Cavanaugh, and Dr. David Viano;
andmyformerandcurrentgraduatestudents,A.Al-Bsharat,P.Begeman,B.Deng,
A. El-Bohy, N. Hakim, W. Hardy, Y. Huang, A. Irwin, R. Jadischke, K. Krieger,
N. Mital, A. Padgaonkar, P. Prasad, J. Ruan, B. Smith, S. Tennyson, P. Vulcan,
K.Yang,andC.Zhouwhoseworkisreferencedinthisbook.Theworkofformer
students of Dr. King Yang and that of Toyota visiting scholars are also acknowl-
edged. Dr. Yang’s former students are X. Jin, J. Hu, J. Lee, H. Mao, C. Shah,
K. Wang, and L. Zhang, and the Toyota visiting scholars are S. Hayashi,
M.Iwamoto,Y.Kitagawa,andA.Tamura.Toallofthem,Ioweadebtofgratitude
aswellastomanyunnamedindividualswhohaveprovidedassistance.
Since biomechanics is an interdisciplinary field, some basic understanding of
mechanics(dynamics)aswellashumananatomywillbehelpful.However,Ihave
vii
viii Preface
hadbiology majors withno background inphysics, andmechanical andelectrical
engineers with no training in anatomy take and pass my course. A fair amount of
statisticsisused toassess theprobability ofaninjury,and,forthosewho haveno
background in statistics, some additional reading on statistics will be helpful. To
fully appreciate the mathematics behind the modeling of impact events, some
knowledgeofdifferentialequationsisrequired.
The problems at the end of each chapter take the form of multiple choice
questionstotestthestudent’sabilitytograsptheconceptsandtodetermineifthe
studentcansortoutthecorrectanswerfromthemanyfactsandfigurespresentedin
thetext.
Finally, I urge the reader to keep inmind this mantra: “You cannot prevent an
injuryunlessyouknowitscause.”Severalexamplesarecitedinthebook,andsome
oftheunsolvedproblemsareduepreciselytoalackofunderstandingorknowledge
oftheircause(s).
Detroit,MI,USA AlbertI.King
Acknowledgements
Theassistanceofmanyindividualswasessentialtothecompletionofthisbook.In
addition to those people mentioned in the Preface, I would like to thank the
followingindividuals:
Dawn(Dan)Li,researchassistantintheBiomedicalEngineering Department,for
compilingthechaptersandcarefullycheckingallaspectsofthebook
Sherry Barclay, librarian of the Wayne State University Libraries, for finding the
manypublicationsreferencedinthebook
Iwouldalsoliketoexpressmygratitudetothosewhodonatedtheirbodiesfor
impactbiomechanicsresearch.Withouttheirgenerosity,crashdummiescouldnot
bemadehumanlikeandcomputermodelscouldnotbevalidated.
ix
Contents
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 InjuryandInjuryPrevention. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 SomeUSandGlobalStatistics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 ImpactBiomechanics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4 HistoryofImpactBiomechanics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.5 TheRoleoftheFederalGovernmentandAutomotive
SafetyStandards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.6 MajorSubdivisionsoftheFieldofImpactBiomechanics. . . . . 9
1.6.1 InjuryMechanisms. . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. 10
1.6.2 ResponsetoImpact. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.6.3 HumanTolerancetoImpact. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.6.4 TechnologyAssessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
QuestionsforChapter1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
AnswerstoProblemsbyChapter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2 BasicsoftheBiomechanicsofBrainInjury. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.2 AnatomyoftheHeadandBrain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.2.1 AnatomyoftheBrain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.2.2 HistologyofBrainCells. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.3 TypesofHeadInjury. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.3.1 BrainTissueDamage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.4 TheoriesofBrainInjuryMechanisms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.5 MechanicalResponseoftheHeadandBrain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.5.1 VisualizationofBrainResponse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.5.2 MechanicalPropertiesofthePia-Arachnoid
Complex. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
xi
xii Contents
2.6 ToleranceoftheHeadandBraintoBluntImpact. . . . . . . . . . . 64
2.6.1 ToleranceoftheSkulltoFracture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.6.2 ToleranceoftheBraintoBluntImpact. . . . . . . . . . . . 66
QuestionsforChapter2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
AnswerstoProblemsbyChapter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3 HeadInjuryResearch:ExperimentalStudies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
3.1 ExperimentalResearchonHeadInjuryMechanisms. . . . . . . . . 78
3.1.1 TheLinearAccelerationMechanism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
3.1.2 TheAngularAccelerationMechanism. . . . . . . . . . . . 80
3.2 ExperimentalResearchonHeadImpactResponse. . . . . . . . . . 83
3.2.1 VisualizationofBrainMotionduringImpact. . . . . . . . 84
3.2.2 ExperimentsonDiffuseAxonalInjury. . . . . . . . . . . . 89
3.2.3 ExperimentsonFocalBrainInjuries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
3.3 ExperimentalResearchonHumanHeadTolerance
toImpact. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
3.4 AHypothesisfortheCauseofAcuteSubduralHematoma. . . . 94
3.4.1 TheDuraMater. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
3.4.2 TheArachnoids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
3.4.3 AnatomyofCorticalVessels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
3.4.4 AcuteSubduralHematomas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
3.4.5 Epidemiology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
3.4.6 BiomechanicalMechanismsfortheFormationofASDH 98
3.5 ConcludingRemarks. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . 103
QuestionsforChapter3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
AnswerstoProblemsbyChapter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
4 HeadInjuryResearch:ComputerModelsofHeadImpact. . . . . . . 111
4.1 Pre-finiteElementModelsofHeadImpact. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
4.2 FiniteElementModelsoftheBrain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
4.2.1 BrainModelbyRuanetal.(1994). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
4.2.2 BrainModelbyZhouetal.(1995). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
4.2.3 BrainModelbyAl-Bsharatetal.(1999). . . . . . . . . . . 118
4.2.4 BrainModelbyZhangetal.(2001):TheWayne
StateUniversityBrainInjuryModel(WSUBIM). . . . . 125
4.2.5 OtherFiniteElementModelsofBrainInjury. . . . . . . . 129
4.3 ComputerModelsofAnimalBrains.. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. 130
4.3.1 Two-DimensionalSwineModelwithanInhomogeneous
Brain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
4.3.2 ModelsofFocalBrainInjuries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
4.4 ConcludingRemarks. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . 145
QuestionsforChapter4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146