The Biology of Human Longevity:: Inflammation, Nutrition, and Aging in the Evolution of Lifespans

640 Pages·2007·4.46 MB·English

by  Caleb E. Finch

THE BIOLOGY OF HUMAN
LONGEVITY
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THE BIOLOGY OF
HUMAN LONGEVITY
Inflammation, Nutrition, and Aging in
the Evolution of Life Spans
Caleb E. Finch
Davis School of Gerontology and USC College
University of Southern California
AMSTERDAM • BOSTON (cid:127) HEIDELBERG (cid:127) LONDON
NEW YORK (cid:127) OXFORD (cid:127) PARIS (cid:127) SAN DIEGO
SAN FRANCISCO (cid:127) SINGAPORE (cid:127) SYDNEY (cid:127) TOKYO
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Finch, Caleb Ellicott.
The biology of human longevity : inflammation, nutrition, and aging in the evolution
of lifespans / Caleb E. Finch.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-12-373657-4 (hard cover : alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0-12-373657-9 (hard cover : alk. paper)
1. Longevity–Physiological aspects. 2. Aging–Physiological aspects. 3. Inflammation.
4. Nutrition. I. Title.
QP85.F466 2007
612.6′8–dc22 2007004576
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN: 978-0-12-373657-4
For information on all Academic Press publications
visit our Web site at www.books.elsevier.com
Printed in the United States of America
07 08 09 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CONTENTS
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xiii
Chapter 1
Inflammation and Oxidation in Aging
and Chronic Diseases
PART I
1.1. Overview 2
1.2. Experimental Models for Aging 10
1.2.1. Mortality Rate Accelerations 10
1.2.2. Mammals 12
1.2.3. Cultured Cell Models and Replicative Senescence 31
1.2.4. Invertebrate Models 32
1.2.5. Yeast 34
1.2.6. The Biochemistry of Aging 35
1.2.7. Biomarkers of Aging and Mortality Risk Markers 42
1.2.8. Evolutionary Theories of Aging 44
1.3. Outline of Inflammation 49
1.3.1. Innate Defense Mechanisms 50
1.3.2. Genetic Variations of Inflammatory Responses 54
1.3.3. Inflammation and Energy 56
1.3.4. Amyloids and Inflammation 59
1.4. Bystander Damage and Dependent Variables
in Senescence 60
1.4.1. Free Radical Bystander Damage (Type 1) 61
1.4.2. Glyco-oxidation (Type 2) 63
1.4.3. Chronic Proliferation (Type 3) 63
1.4.4. Mechanical Bystander Effects (Type 4) 64
PART II
1.5. Arterial Aging and Atherosclerosis 65
1.5.1. Overview and Ontogeny 66
v
vi Contents
1.5.2. Hazards of Hypertension 74
1.5.3. Mechanisms 75
1.5.3.1. Inflammation 75
1.5.3.2. Hemodynamics 79
1.5.3.3. Aging 81
1.5.3.4. Endothelial Progenitor Cells 84
1.5.4. Blood Risk Factors for Vascular Disease and
Overlap with Acute Phase Responses 84
1.6. Alzheimer Disease and Vascular-related Dementias 86
1.6.1. Neuropathology of Alzheimer Disease 87
1.6.2. Inflammation in Alzheimer Disease 91
1.6.3. Prodromal Stages of Alzheimer Disease 94
1.6.4. Overlap of Alzheimer and Cerebrovascular Changes 95
1.6.5. Insulin and IGF-1 in Vascular Disease and
Alzheimer Disease 99
1.6.6. Blood Inflammatory Proteins: Markers for
Disease or Aging, or Both? 101
1.7. Inflammation in Obesity 103
1.8. Processes of Normal Aging in the Absence of
Specific Diseases 106
1.8.1. Brain 107
1.8.2. Generalized Inflammatory Changes in Normal
Tissue Aging 107
1.9. Summary 112
Chapter 2
Infections, Inflammogens, and Drugs
2.1. Introduction 114
2.2. Vascular Disease 114
2.2.1. Historical Associations of Infections and Vascular
Mortality 114
2.2.2. Modern Serologic Associations 115
2.3. Infections from the Central Tube: Metchnikoff
Revisited 121
2.3.1. Humans: Leakage from Periodontal Disease
and Possibly the Lower Intestine 121
2.3.2. Worms and Flies as Models for Human
Intestinal Microbial Intrusion 125
2.4. Aerosols and Dietary Inflammogens 126
2.4.1. Aerosols 127
2.4.2. Food 129
Contents vii
2.5. Infections, Inflammation, and Life Span 131
2.5.1. Historical Human Populations 131
2.5.2. Longer Rodent Life Spans with Improved
Husbandry 136
2.6. Are Infections a Cause of Obesity? 142
2.7. Inflammation, Dementia, and Cognitive Decline 143
2.7.1. Alzheimer Disease 143
2.7.2. HIV, Dementia, and Amyloid 145
2.7.3. Peripheral Amyloids 147
2.7.4. Inflammation and Cognitive Decline
During ‘Usual’ Aging 147
2.8. Immunosenescence and Stem Cells 150
2.8.1. Immunosenescence and Cumulative Exposure 150
2.8.2. Immunosenescence and Telomere Loss 152
2.8.3. Inflammation and Stem Cells 153
2.9. Cancer, Infection, and Inflammation 154
2.9.1. Helicobacter Pylori and Hepatitis B Virus 154
2.9.2. Smoking and Lung Cancer 156
2.10. Pharmacopleiotropies in Vascular Disease,
Dementia, and Cancer 158
2.10.1. Anti-inflammatory and Anti-coagulant Drugs 158
2.10.2. Aspirin and Other NSAIDs 161
2.10.3. Statins 162
2.10.3.1. Vascular Disease 162
2.10.3.2. Dementia 164
2.10.4. Sex Steroid Replacement (Hormone Therapy) 165
2.10.5. Plant-derived Micronutrients and Neutriceuticals 169
2.11. Summary 172
Chapter 3
Energy Balance, Inflammation, and Aging
3.1. Introduction 176
3.2. Diet Restriction and Aging 177
3.2.1. Overview of Animal Models 177
3.2.2. Diet Restriction and Disease in Rodent Models 184
3.2.3. Diet Restriction, Starvation, Vascular Disease,
and Longevity in Humans 186
3.2.4. Diet Restriction, Infections and Inflammation 192
3.2.5. Somatic Repair and Regeneration 199
viii Contents
3.3. Energy Sensing in Diet Restriction and Satiety 200
3.3.1. Physiology 201
3.3.2. Biochemistry 202
3.3.3. Relevance to Arterial Disease and Cancer 210
3.4. Exercise, Cardiovascular Health, and Longevity 211
3.4.1. Humans 212
3.4.2. Rodent Models 215
3.4.3. Mechanisms in Exercise and Longevity 216
3.5. Diet, Exercise, and Neurodegeneration 219
3.5.1. Alzheimer Disease 219
3.5.2. Synaptic Atrophy in the Absence of
Neurodegeneration 221
3.6. Laboratory Rodents as Models 225
for the ‘Couch Potato’
3.7. Energy Balance in the Life History 228
3.8. Summary 231
Chapter 4
Nutrition and Infection in the Developmental
Influences on Aging
4.1. Introduction 234
4.2. Synopsis of the Fetal Origins Theory 236
4.3. The Barker Studies of Infections 241
and Vascular Disease
4.4. Size, Health, and Longevity 245
4.4.1. Adult Height, Vascular Disease, and Longevity 246
4.4.2. Size at Birth and Adult Height 249
4.4.3. Criteria for Growth Retardation 252
4.4.4. Maternal Metabolism and Fetal Growth 254
4.4.5. Birth Size and Adult Vascular
and Metabolic Disease 258
4.4.6. Twins: Small Size at Birth and Catch-up
Growth, but Normal Longevity 262
4.5. Infection and Undernutrition on Birthweight
and Later Disease 262
4.5.1. The Tangle 263
4.5.2. Maternal Infections and Nutrition 263
4.5.3. Smoking and Aerosols 267
Contents ix
4.6. Infection and Nutrition in Postnatal
Development and Later Disease 267
4.6.1. Diarrheas in Growth Retardation 267
4.6.2. Seasonal Effects 268
4.6.3. Serum Immune Response Markers of Chronic
Infection in Health-Poor Children 270
4.6.4. Infections During Development 272
4.6.5. The Cost of Infections to Postnatal Growth:
Evidence from Migration and Antibiotics 273
4.6.6. Unknowns 275
4.7. Famine 276
4.7.1. World War II (WWII) 276
4.7.2. 19th Century Famines 286
4.8. Maternal Physiology, Fetal Growth,
and Later Chronic Disease 289
4.9. Growth in Adaptive Responses to the
Environment 295
4.10. Genomics of Fetal Growth Regulation 298
4.10.1. Inherited Genetic Variations 299
4.10.2. Gene Imprinting: Inherited but Epigenetic
Influences on Development 299
4.11. Summary 302
Chapter 5
Genetics
5.1. Introduction 306
5.2. Sources of Individual Variations in Aging
and Life Span 306
5.3. Sex Differences in Longevity 310
5.4. Metabolism and Host-Defense in Worm
and Fly 315
5.4.1. Metabolic Gene Signaling 315
5.4.2. Immunity and Metabolism 318
5.5. The Worm 323
5.5.1. Overview 323
5.5.2. Slower Eating Increases Life Span 325
5.5.3. Metabolism and Host Defense 325
5.6. Fly 329
5.6.1. Overview 329
5.6.2. Metabolism and Diet Restriction 330