The Biology of Apples and Pears

502 Pages·2004·5.13 MB·English

by  John E. Jackson

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    
BiologyofApplesandPearsisacomprehensivereferencebookonallaspects
of pomology at the organ, tree and orchard level. It provides detailed
information on propagation, root and shoot growth, rootstock effects,
canopy development in relation to orchard design, flowering, pollina-
tion,fruitset,fruitgrowth,fruitqualityfactorsandqualityretentionin
store.Italsodealswithmineralnutrition,waterrelationsandirrigation,
diseasesandpests,andbiotechnology.Thebookemphasizesthescien-
tificbasisofmoderntreeandorchardmanagement,andfruitstorage.
It describes key cultivar differences and their physiology and genetics,
and environmental effects and cultivar × environment interactions in
tropicalandsubtropicalaswellastemperatezoneconditions.Itiswrit-
tenforfruitgrowers,extensionworkers,plantbreeders,biotechnologists
andstorageandcropprotectionspecialistsaswellasforresearchersand
studentsofpomologyandhorticulture.
 hasawealthofexperienceinthescienceoffruitgrowing.
HeheldseniorpositionsatEastMallingResearchStationandwaschair-
man of the Orchard and Plantation Systems (High Density Planting)
workinggroupoftheInternationalSocietyforHorticulturalSciencefor
many years. Recently he was in charge of the Horticultural Research
Centre,Marondera,Zimbabwe.Hehasvisitedfruitgrowingareasand
lectured to fruit growers and scientists in  countries, spanning four
continents.Hehaspublishedextensivelyintheprimaryliteratureand
has contributed to, edited or co-edited numerous volumes on various
aspectsoffruittreesandplantationsystems.
BIOLOGY OF HORTICULTURAL CROPS
Existing texts in horticultural science tend to cover a wide range of
topics at a relatively superficial level, while more specific information
on individual crop species is dispersed widely in the literature. To ad-
dress this imbalance, the Biology of Horticultural Crops presents a series
of concise texts, each devoted to discussing the biology of an impor-
tant horticultural crop species in detail. Key topics such as evolution,
morphology,anatomy,physiologyandgeneticsareconsideredforeach
cropspecies,withtheaimofincreasingunderstandingandprovidinga
soundscientificbasisforimprovementsincommercialcropproduction.
Volumes to be published in the series will cover the grapevine, citrus
fruit,bananas,applesandpears,andstonefruit.
TheoriginalconceptforthisserieswastheideaofProfessorMichael
Mullins,whoidentifiedthetopicstobecoveredandactedasGeneral
Editorfrom untilhisuntimelydeathin.
BiologyoftheGrapevine, MichaelG.Mullins,AlainBouquetand
LarryE.Williams
BiologyofCitrus, PinhasSpiegel-RoyandEliezerE.Goldschmidt
BIOLOGY OF
APPLES AND PEARS
JohnE.Jackson
  
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo
Cambridge University Press
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge  , United Kingdom
Published in the United States by Cambridge University Press, New York
www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521380188
© Cambridge University Press 2003
This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of
relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place
without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published in print format 2003
ISBN-13 978-0-511-06746-4 eBook (EBL)
ISBN-10 0-511-06746-1 eBook (EBL)
ISBN-13 978-0-521-38018-8 hardback
ISBN-10 0-521-38018-9 hardback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of
s for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not
guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
Contents
Preface pagexi
Acknowledgements xii
Introduction 
Thespecialcharacteristicsofappleandpearproduction:
settingthescenefortheirscientificstudy 
Recommendedreading 
References 
 Thegrowingofapplesandpears 
Thehistoryofappleandpeargrowing 
Tradeinfreshapples 
Tradeinpears 
Appleandpearproducts 
Climaticconditionsinmajorcentresofproduction 
Recommendedreading 
References 
 Applesandpearsandtheirrelatives 
Taxonomy 
Theplaceofcultivarsinappleandpearproduction 
Applescioncultivars 
Applerootstocks 
Rootstockeffectsonscionperformance 
Othercharacteristicsofapplerootstocks 
Majorapplerootstocks 
Pearscioncultivars 
v
vi 
Pearrootstocks 
References 
 Appleandpearrootsystems:induction,
development,structureandfunction 
Introduction 
Rootinitiation 
Rootgrowthoftherootedcuttingandduring
treeestablishment 
Orchardtreerootsystems 
Functionsofroots 
Specialfeaturesofappleandpearseedlingroots 
References 
 Thegraftunion,graftingandbudding 
Introduction 
Formationofthegraftunion 
UnionformationinT-buddingandchipbudding 
Incompatibility 
Doubleworking 
Effectsoftemperatureongraftingandbudding 
Effects of height of budding or grafting on scion vigour
andcropping 
Effectsofinterstocksonrootandshootgrowth
andcropping 
References 
 Mechanismsofrootstockandinterstockeffects
onscionvigour 
Introduction 
Mechanismsofrootstockandinterstockeffectsonvigour 
Conclusionsandcomments 
Recommendedreading 
References 
 Theshootsystem 
Introduction 
 vii
Buds 
Buddormancy 
Dormancythroughcorrelativeinhibition 
Seasonalbuddormancy 
Shootextensiongrowth 
Watershootgrowth 
Secondarythickening 
References 
 Leaves,canopiesandlightinterception 
Leafanatomyandmorphology 
Leafproductionandgrowth 
Leafsenescenceandshed 
Individualtreeandorchardleafarea 
Effectsoflightinterceptionandof
within-treeshade 
Shadingbystems,fruitsandleaves 
Canopylightinterceptionanddistribution 
References 
 Photosynthesis,respiration,andcarbohydrate
transport,partitioningandstorage 
Introduction 
Photosynthesis 
Respiration 
NetCO exchangebycanopies 
Source-sinkrelationshipsandcarbohydratepartitioning 
Netcarbonexchangeandorchardproductivity 
References 
 Flowersandfruits 
Juvenility 
Flowering 
Pollination 
Femaleflowerfertility 
Fruitset 
viii 
Fruitgrowth 
Fruitskincolour,russetandcracking 
References 
 Eatingqualityanditsretention 
Introduction 
Fruitsensoryquality 
Changesduringmaturationandripening 
Readinessforharvest 
Controlofripeningandsenescence 
Calciumandfruiteating-quality 
Calciumnutrition 
Othernutrientsandfruiteating-quality 
Recommendedreading 
References 
 Mineralnutrition 
Introduction 
Nutrientrequirements 
Symptomsofdeficiencyorexcess 
Nitrogennutrition 
Phosphorusnutrition 
Potassiumnutrition 
Calciumnutrition 
Magnesiumnutrition 
Manganesenutrition 
Coppernutrition 
Boronnutrition 
Ironnutrition 
Zincnutrition 
Effectsofaluminiumonnutrition 
Interactionsbetweennutrients 
Orchardmanagementandtreenutrition 
Recommendedreading 
References 
www.taq.ir