The biology of animal stress: basic principles and implications for animal welfare

383 Pages·2000·2.31 MB·English

by  Moberg

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THE BIOLOGY OF ANIMAL STRESS
Basic Principles and Implications for Animal Welfare
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THE BIOLOGY OF ANIMAL STRESS
Basic Principles and Implications for
Animal Welfare
Edited by
G.P. Moberg
and
J.A. Mench
Department of Animal Science
University of California
Davis
USA
CABI
Publishing
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CABIPublishingis a division of CABInternational
CABI Publishing CABI Publishing
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copyright owners.
Acatalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The biology of animal stress: basic principles and implications for animal welfare /
edited by G.P. Moberg and J.A. Mench.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references (p. ).
ISBN 0-85199-359-1 (alk. paper)
1. Stress (Physiology) 2. Animal welfare I. Moberg, Gary P. II. Mench, Joy A.
QP82.2.S8 B55 2000
571.9¢51--dc 99-058357
ISBN 0 85199 359 1
Typeset by AMADataSet Ltd, UK.
Printed and bound in the UK by Biddles Ltd, Guildford and King’s Lynn.
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Contents
Contributors vii
Preface xi
1 Biological Response to Stress: Implications for Animal Welfare 1
G.P. Moberg
2 Some Issues in the Interpretation of Behavioural Responses to
Stress 23
J. Rushen
3 Neuroendocrine Responses to Stress 43
R.L. Matteri, J.A. Carroll and C.J. Dyer
4 The Metabolic Consequences of Stress: Targets for Stress and
Priorities of Nutrient Use 77
T.H. Elsasser, K.C. Klasing, N. Filipov and F. Thompson
5 Immune System Response to Stress 111
F. Blecha
6 Hands-on and Hands-off Measurement of Stress 123
C.J. Cook, D.J. Mellor, P.J. Harris, J.R. Ingram and L.R. Matthews
7 Accumulation and Long-term Effects of Stress in Fish 147
C.B. Schreck
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vi Contents
8 Chronic Intermittent Stress: A Model for the Study of Long-term
Stressors 159
J. Ladewig
9 Quantifying Some Responses to Pain as a Stressor 171
D.J. Mellor, C.J. Cook and K.J. Stafford
10 Multiple Factors Controlling Behaviour: Implications for Stress
and Welfare 199
F. Toates
11 Chronic Social Stress: Studies in Non-human Primates 227
S.P. Mendoza, J.P. Capitanio and W.A. Mason
12 Consequences of Stress During Development 249
D.C. Lay Jr
13 Early Developmental Influences of Experience on Behaviour,
Temperament and Stress 269
W.A. Mason
14 Genetic Selection to Reduce Stress in Animals 291
T.G. Pottinger
15 Human–Animal Interactions and Animal Stress 309
P.H. Hemsworth and J.L. Barnett
16 Alleviating Stress in Zoo Animals with Environmental
Enrichment 337
K. Carlstead and D. Shepherdson
17 Understanding the Role of Stress in Animal Welfare:
Practical Considerations 355
T.L. Wolfle
Index 369
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CCoonnttrriibbuuttoorrss
Contributors
J.L. Barnett,Agriculture Victoria, Victorian Institute of Animal Science,
Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
F. Blecha,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary
Medicine, 228 Veterinary Medical Sciences, 1600 Denison Avenue,
Manhattan, KS 66506-5602, USA
K. Carlstead,National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institution,
Washington, DC 20008, USA(present address: Honolulu Zoo, 151
Kapahulu Avenue, Honolulu, HI 96815)
C.J. Cook,Technology Development Group, Horticultural and Food
Research Institute of New Zealand, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton,
New Zealand
J.P. Capitanio,Department of Psychology and California Regional Primate
Research Center, University of California, One Shields Avenue,
Davis, CA 95616, USA
J.A. Carroll,Animal Physiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research
Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Room S-107
Animal Sciences Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia,
MO 65211, USA
C.J. Dyer,Animal Physiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service,
United States Department of Agriculture, Room S-107 Animal
Sciences Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
65211, USA
T.H. Elsasser,USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Growth Biology Lab,
Building 200, Room 120, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
N. Filipov,Department of Physiology, School of Veterinary Medicine,
University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA(present address:
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viii Contributors
Department of Pharmacology, Albany Medical Center, Albany, New
York)
P.J. Harris,Technology Development Group, Horticultural and Food
Research Institute of New Zealand, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton, New
Zealand
P.H. Hemsworth,Animal Welfare Centre, University of Melbourne and
Agriculture Victoria, Victorian Institute of Animal Science, Werribee,
Victoria 3030, Australia
J.R. Ingram,Technology Development Group, Horticultural and Food
Research Institute of New Zealand, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton,
New Zealand
K.C. Klasing,Department of Animal Science, University of California, One
Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
J. Ladewig,Department of Animal Science and Animal Health, Division of
Ethology and Health, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural
University, Bülowsvej 13, DK-1870, Fredericksberg C, Denmark
D.C. Lay Jr,Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames,
IA 50011, USA
W.A. Mason,California Regional Primate Research Center, University of
California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
R.L. Matteri,Animal Physiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research
Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Room S-107
Animal Sciences Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia,
MO 65211, USA
L.R. Matthews,Animal Behaviour and Welfare Research Center,
AgResearch, Ruakura Research Center, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton,
New Zealand
D.J. Mellor,Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Center, Institute of
Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Palmerston
North, Private Bag 11222, New Zealand
S.P. Mendoza,Department of Psychology, University of California, One
Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
J.A. Mench,Department of Animal Science, University of California, One
Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
G.P. Moberg,Stress Research Unit, Department of Animal Science, One
Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
(deceased)
T.G. Pottinger,NERC Institute of Freshwater Ecology, Windermere
Laboratory, Far Sawrey, Ambleside, Cumbria LA22 0LP, UK
J. Rushen,Dairy and Swine Research and Development Center, Agriculture
and Agri-Food Canada, PO Box 90, Lennoxville, Quebec, Canada
J1M 1Z3
C.B. Schreck,Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit,
Biological Resources Division, USGS, Oregon State University,
Corvallis, OR 97331-3803, USA
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Contributors ix
D. Shepherdson,Oregon Zoo, 4001 S.W. Canyon Rd, Portland, OR
97221, USA
K.J. Stafford,Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Center, Institute of
Veterinary Animal and Biomedical Science, Massey University,
Palmerston North, Private Bag 11222, New Zealand
F. Toates,Department of Biology, The Open University, Walton Hall,
Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
F. Thompson,Department of Physiology, School of Veterinary Medicine,
University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
T.L. Wolfle,215 Severn Avenue, Annapolis, MD 21403, USA(former
Director of the Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, National
Research Council, National Academy of Sciences)
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Preface
The study of animal welfare continues to struggle with two persistent,
interrelatedproblems:howtodefineanimalwelfare,andhowtodetermine
whichmeasuresshouldbeusedtoevaluatewelfare.Onepotentialindicator
of an animal’s welfare is the presence or absence of stress. Considerable
efforthasbeenspenttodetermineifvariousmanagementpractisesorcondi-
tionsinducestress,resultinginthecommonlyheldbeliefthatanysituation
that results in stress should be avoided or prohibited. But because animals
have evolved sophisticated behavioural and physiological mechanisms to
deal with stress, stress jeopardizes the animal’s welfare only if the stress
results in some significant biological change that places that animal’s
well-being at risk. Unfortunately, many of the classical behavioural and
physiological measures used to evaluate stress do not tell us if such
meaningful biological changes have occurred, and thus the links between
animal welfare and stress are still unclear.
In1983,amajorconferenceonanimalstresswasheldattheUniversity
of California, Davis. By 1998 it seemed timely to get people together to
readdress this topic. Although much had been learned in the interim,
there were still many controversial and difficult areas, as well as new
considerations and approaches to be discussed. The current volume is an
outgrowthofthat1998conferenceatDavisintendedtoexplorethebiology
of animal stress and its implications for animal welfare.
Our goals in selecting speakers were to draw people from different
disciplines working with a variety of vertebrate species in contexts ranging
from farms to laboratories to zoos. The chapters in this volume similarly
reflectthisdiversity.Thefirstfivechapterspresentsummariesofthephysio-
logical,immunological,andbehaviouralresponsestostressinanimals.The
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