The Biogeochemistry of the Amazon Basin

378 Pages·2001·28.38 MB·English

by  Michael E. McClain

THE BIOGEOCHEMISTRY OF
THE AMAZON BASIN
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The Biogeochemistry of
the Amazon Basin
Edited by
MICHAEL E. MCCLAIN
Florida International University, USA
REYNALDO L. VICTORIA
Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil
JEFFREY E. RICHEY
University of Washington, USA
OXFORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
2001
OXFORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
Oxford New York
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Copyright © 2001 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Published by Oxford University Press, Inc.
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All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The biogeochemistry of the Amazon Basin / edited by Michael E. McClain,
Reynaldo L. Victoria, Jeffrey E. Richey.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 0-19-511431-0
1. Biogeochemistry—Amazon River Wathershed. I. McClain, Michael E.
II. Victoria, Reynaldo L. III. Richey, Jeffrey Edward, 1946-
QH112 .B56 2000
577'.14'09811—dc21 00-041642
987654321
Printed in the United States of America
on acid-free paper
Acknowledgments
This book represents the efforts of many individuals and many projects. We collectively
thank the individuals and funding agencies that made this work possible. The Editors' own
contributions were made possible with support from the National Science Foundation
Division of Environmental Biology and International Programs, the NASA Earth Observing
System, the FundaCão de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, the Inter American
Institute for Global Change Research, and the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. We would
particularly like to thank the reviewers of individual chapters: Dominique Arrouays, Robert
Berner, Vladimir Elias, Christian Feller, Augusto Cesar Franco, Sana Gardescu, Jean Loup
Guyot, Steven Hamilton, Robert Harrison, Dominique Irvine, Rod Keenan, George Klinge,
Kirsten Laarkamp, Ariel Lugo, Flavio Luizao, Luiz Martinelli, Ernesto Medina, Michel
Meybeck, Jose Natalino Silva, Jason Neff, Christopher Neill, Jorge Paolini, Walter de Paula
Lima, Kathleen Ruttenberg, Miguel Simao Neto, Morgan Smidt, Boris Volkoff, Michael
Williams, and Summer Wilson We would also like to thank Nancy Blanton, Cristina Dumlao,
and Madelyn Mateo for final preparation of the manuscript.
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Contents
1 The Relevance of Biogeochemistry to Amazon Development
and Conservation 3
Michael McClain
2 General Characteristics and Variability of Climate in the
Amazon Basin and its Links to the Global Climate System 17
Jose A. Marengo & Carlos A. Nobre
3 The Atmospheric Component of Biogeochemical Cycles
in the Amazon Basin 42
Paulo Artaxo
4 Soil versus Biological Controls on Nutrient Cycling
in Terra Firme Forests 53
Elvira Cuevas
5 Nutrient Cycling as a Function of Landscape and
Biotic Characteristics in the Cerrados of Central Brazil 68
M. Haridasan
6 Linking Biogeochemical Cycles to Cattle Pasture
Management and Sustainability in The Amazon Basin 84
Moacyr B. Dias-Filho, Eric A. Davidson & Claudio J. Reis de Carvalho
7 Nutrient Considerations in the Use of Silviculture for
Land Development and Rehabilitation in the Amazon 106
Florencia Montagnini
8 Extractive Reserves and Participatory Research
as Factors in the Biogeochemistry of the Amazon Basin 122
Foster Brown , Karen Kainer & Eufran do Amaral
9 The Recovery of Biomass, Nutrient Stocks, and
Deep-Soil Functions in Secondary Forests 139
Daniel Nepstad, Paulo R. S. Moutinho & Daniel Markewitz
viii Contents
10 The Interface Between Economics and Nutrient Cycling
in Amazon Land Development 156
Carl F. Jordan
11 Carbon Storage in Biomass and Soils 165
Martial Bernoux, Paulo M. A. GraCa, Carlos C. Cerri, Philip M. Fearnside,
Brigitte J. Feigl & Marisa C. Piccolo
12 Terrestrial Inputs to Amazon Streams and
Internal Biogeochemical Processing 185
Michael E. McClain & Helmut Elsenbeer
13 Geo-ecological Controls on Elemental Fluxes in Communities
of Higher Plants in Amazonian floodplains 209
Maria Tereza F. Piedade, Martin Worbes & Wolfgang J. Junk
14 Biogeochemistry of Amazon Floodplain Lakes
and Associated Wetlands 235
John M. Melack & Bruce R. Forsberg
15 Organic Matter and Nutrients in the Mainstem Amazon River 275
Allan H. Devol & John I. Hedges
16 Trace Elements in the Mainstem Amazon River 307
Patrick T. Seyler & Gerald R. Boaventura
17 Biogeochemical Processes on the Amazon Shelf: Changes
in Dissolved and Paniculate Fluxes During River/Ocean Mixing 328
David J. DeMaster & Robert C. Aller
Contributors
Andrea S. Alechandre, Department of Agrarian Sciences, Federal University of Acre, Rio Branco,
AC 69.915, Brazil; [email protected]
Robert C. Aller, Marine Sciences Research Center, SUNY at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5000,
USA; [email protected]
Eufran do Amaral, Center for Agroforestry Research, Brazilian Agricultural Research Agency
(CPAF/EMBRAPA), Rio Branco, AC, Brazil; [email protected]
Paulo Artaxo, Instituto de Fisica, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do matao, Travessa R, 187,
CEP 05508-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil; [email protected]
Martial Bernoux, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Centro de energia Nuclear na
Agricultura (CENA), University of Sao Paulo (USP), Laboratorio Biogeoquimica do Solo, Caixa Postal 96,
13400-970 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil; [email protected]
Geraldo R. Boaventura, Universidade de Brasilia, Instituto de Geociências
Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, ICC-Central CEP: 70910-900 Brasilia, Brazil; [email protected]
I. Foster Brown, Woods Hole Research Center, Federal Fluminense University, Federal University of Acre,
Parque Zoobotanico, Rio Branco, AC 69.915, Brazil; [email protected]
Cláudio Jose Reis de Carvalho, Laboratorio Ecofisiologia Vegetal, Embrapa Amazonia Oriental, C. Postal
48, 66017-970 Belém, PA, Brazil; [email protected]
Carlos C. Cerri, Centro de energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA), University of Sao Paulo - USP, Lab.
Biogeoquimica do Solo, Caixa Postal 96, 13400-970 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil; [email protected]
Elvira Cuevas, Centro de Ecologia, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas, Apartado 21827,
Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela; [email protected]
Eric A. Davidson, The Woods Hole Research Center, P.O. Box 296, Woods Hole, MA 02543-0296, USA;
edavidson® whrc. org
David J. DeMaster, Deptment of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State
University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; [email protected]