The Atoning Dyad: The Two Goats of Yom Kippur in the "Apocalypse of Abraham"

189 Pages·2016·1.11 MB·English

by  Andrei A. Orlov

The Atoning Dyad: The Two Goats of Yom Kippur in the Apocalypse of
Abraham
Studia Judaeoslavica
Edited by
Alexander Kulik (The Hebrew University of Jerusalem)
Editorial Board
Israel Bartal, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Lazar Fleishman, Stanford University
Heinz-Dietrich Löwe, University of Heidelberg
Alexei Miller, Russian Academy of the Sciences/
Central European University, Budapest
Benjamin Nathans, University of Pennsylvania
Yohanan Petrovsky-Shtern, Northwestern University
Moshe Taube, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Volume 8
The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/sjs
The Atoning Dyad: The Two Goats
of Yom Kippur in the Apocalypse
of Abraham
By
Andrei A. Orlov
LEIDEN | BOSTON
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Orlov, Andrei A., 1960–
The atoning dyad : the two goats of Yom Kippur in the Apocalypse of Abraham / by Andrei A. Orlov.
  pages cm. — (Studia Judaeoslavica, ISSN 1876-6153 ; Volume 8)
 Includes bibliographical references and index.
 ISBN 978-90-04-30821-3 (hardback : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-90-04-30822-0 (e-book)
 1. Apocalypse of Abraham. 2. Scapegoat. 3. Yom Kippur. I. Title.
 BS1830.A62o755 2016
 229’.913—dc23
2015033548
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issn 1876-6153
isbn 978-90-04-30821-3 (hardback)
isbn 978-90-04-30822-0 (e-book)
Copyright 2016 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Contents
Acknowledgements vii
Abbreviations viii
Introduction 1
Part 1
Interpretation of the Two Goats’ Imagery in Early Jewish
and Christian Materials
Cain and Abel 9
Isaac and Ishmael 19
Jacob and Esau 22
Joseph 32
The Angel of the Divine Name and Satan in the Book of Zechariah 43
Asael in the Book of the Watchers 49
Barabbas and Jesus in the Gospel of Matthew 58
Jesus as the Immolated Goat in the Epistle to the Hebrews 65
Jesus as the Scapegoat and the Immolated Goat in Second-
and Third-Century Christian Materials 73
Part 2
Azazel as an Eschatological Scapegoat in the Apocalypse
of Abraham
The Sacerdotal Vision of the Slavonic Apocalypse 81
Azazel as a Demonic Being 86
vi contents
The Lot of Azazel 90
The Crimson Band and the Placement of the Garment of Human Sins
on Azazel 95
The Ritual Maltreatment of the Scapegoat: Azazel’s Accursing 107
Azazel’s Exile into the Wilderness and the Abyss 112
Goats to Azazel: The Antagonist as the Recipient of the Scapegoats 116
Part 3
Abraham as an Eschatological Goat for YHWH in the Apocalypse
of Abraham
Abraham as a Sacrificial Offering 131
The Lot of God and Abraham 133
Yahoel’s Right Hand 137
The Garment of Abraham 140
The Antagonistic Movements of the Goats: Abraham’s Entrance
in the Celestial Holy of Holies 145
Abraham’s Fiery Trials 148
Abraham as the Purification Offering for the Polluted Sanctuary 154
Conclusion 158
Bibliography 161
Modern Author Index 173
Subject Index 176
Acknowledgements
I would like to express my appreciation to Christopher Brenna, Calum
Carmichael, Michael Cover, Deirdre Dempsey, Hans Moscicke, Fr. Joseph
Mueller, S.J., Sharon Pace, and Paul Pasquesi who read various parts of the
book and offered numerous valuable suggestions.
I am especially grateful to my research assistant Nicholas Elder who worked
very hard through different versions of the manuscript to help improve the text
in both style and substance.
As always, I am indebted to my colleagues at the Department of Theology
of Marquette University for their continued human and scholarly support and
encouragement.
I would like to express my appreciation to Prof. Alexander Kulik for accept-
ing this study for the Studia Judaeoslavica series.
Sincere thanks are also due to Katelyn Chin, Meghan Connoly, Dinah
Rapliza and Brill’s editorial team for their help, patience, and professionalism
during preparation of this book for publication.
Andrei A. Orlov
Milwaukee
Feast of the Placing of the Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos, 2015
Abbreviations
AB Anchor Bible
ABRL Anchor Bible Reference Library
AGAJU Arbeiten zur Geschichte des antiken Judentums und des
Urchristentums
ANRW Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt
ArBib Aramaic Bible
AUSS Andrews University Seminary Studies
Bib Biblica
BN Biblische Notizen
BSac Bibliotheca sacra
CBQMS Catholic Biblical Quarterly Monograph Series
CRINT Compendia rerum iudaicarum ad Novum Testamentum
CSCO Corpus scriptorum christianorum orientalium
EJL Early Judaism and Its Literature
ExpTim Expository Times
FAT Forschungen zum Alten Testament
HTR Harvard Theological Review
JATS Journal of the Adventist Theological Society
JBL Journal of Biblical Literature
JHS Journal of Hebrew Scriptures
JJS Journal of Jewish Studies
JR Journal of Religion
JRS Journal of Roman Studies
JSHRZ Jüdische Schriften aus hellenistisch-römischer Zeit
JSJ Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic and Roman
Period
JSNT Journal for the Study of the New Testament
JSOTSS Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Series
JSP Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha
JSPSS Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha Supplement Series
JSQ Jewish Studies Quarterly
JSSSS Journal of Semitic Studies Supplement Series
JTS Journal of Theological Studies
JZWL Jüdische Zeitschrift für Wissenschaft und Leben
KAT Kommentar zum Alten Testament
KEK Kritisch-exegetischer Kommentar
LCL Loeb Classical Library
abbreviations ix
LHBOTS Library of Hebrew Bible/Old Testament Studies
LXX Septuagint
NovTSup Supplements to Novum Testamentum
NRSV New Revised Standard Version of the Bible
NTOA Novum Testamentum et Orbis Antiquus
NTT New Testament Theology
OBS Österreichische Biblische Studien
OTL Old Testament Library
PMLA Publications of the Modern Language Association
RB Revue biblique
RevQ Revue de Qumrân
SBLDS Society of Biblical Literature Dissertation Series
SBLSP Society of Biblical Literature Seminar Papers
SHR Studies in the History of Religions
SJ Studia Judaica
SJJTP Supplements to the Journal of Jewish Thought and Philosophy
SJLA Studies in Judaism in Late Antiquity
SNTSMS Society of New Testament Studies Monograph Series
SP Studia patristica
SPB Studia Post-Biblica
ST Studia theologica
STDJ Studies on the Texts of the Desert of Judah
TBN Themes in Biblical Narrative
TCS Text-Critical Studies
TED Translations of Early Documents
TSAJ Texte und Studien zum antiken Judentum
UBL Ugaritisch-Biblische Literatur
VT Vetus Testamentum
WMANT Wissenschaftliche Monographien zum Alten und Neuen Testament
WUNT Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament
YJS Yale Judaica Series
ZAW Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft
ZDPV Zeitschrift des deutschen Palästina-Vereins
ŹM Źródła i monografie