Table Of ContentThe Asian City: Processes of Development, Characteristics and
Planning
The GeoJournal Library
Volume 30
Series Editor: Wolf Tietze, Helmstedt, Germany
Editorial Board: Paul Claval, France
R. G. Crane, U.S.A.
Yehuda Gradus, Israel
Risto Laulajainen, Sweden
Gerd Lüttig, Germany
Walther Manshard, Germany
Osamu Nishikawa, Japan
Peter Tyson, South Africa
The Asian City:
Processes of Development,
Characteristics and Planning
edited by
ASHOK K. DUTT
Department of Geography and Planning,
The University of Akron,
Akron, Ohio, U.S.A.
FRANK J. COSTA
Department of Geography and Planning,
The University of Akron,
Akron, Ohio, U.S.A.
SURINDER AGGARWAL
Department of Geography,
Delhi University,
Delhi, India
and
ALLEN G. NOBLE
Department of Geography and Planning,
The University of Akron,
Akron, Ohio, U.S.A.
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The Asian city : processes of development, characteristics, and
planning / edited by Ashok K. Dutt ... [et 'a 1. ] .
p. cm. — (GeoJournal library ; v. 30)
ISBN 978-94-010-4435-6 ISBN 978-94-011-1002-0 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-1002-0
1. Urbanization—Asia. 2. Cities and towns—Asia—Growth.
3. City planning—Asia. I. Dutt, Ashok K. II. Series.
HT384.A78A82 1994
307.76*095—dc20 94-31375
ISBN 978-94-010-4435-6
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved
© 1994Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1994
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1994
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and
retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.
v
Preface
The Asian City is the first comprehensive book on urbanization in the 1990s that not onl y
covers four Asian realms-East, Southeast, South, and West-but which deals with environ
mental, demographic, cultural and economic aspects of urbanization. It also traces the
evolution of city forms and growth patterns in an historical perspective. The book provides
an understanding of many facets of urbanization with a view to unraveling the nature,
characteristics, process and emerging patterns of Asian urban landscapes. Most importantly,
the book lays out Asia's unique nature of urbanization and places it in a global context. It
reveals discrete urban characteristics by selected regions, countries and cities, and discusses
urban planning problems. Finally, the book explores the conditions and spatial patterns of the
urban poor, with a special reference to India.
The idea of compiling a book of this nature has its roots in the organization, Asian Urban
ResearchAssociation (headquartered atthe University of Akron, in which the four Executive
Committee members-Frank J. Costa, Ashok K. Dutt, Lawrence lC. Ma and Allen G. Noble
are housed) which organizes an international Asian Urbanization Conference every three
years or so. Based on the papers presented at the first conference held in Akron, Ohio, USA
in 1985, the Executive Committee members edited two earlier books-Asian Urbanization,
Berlin: Borntraeger, 1988 and Urbanization in Asia: Honolulu: Hawaii University Press,
1989. The present book is the most recent endeavor. One paper, (Chapter 7) of this book,
presented at the second Asian Urbanization Conference, held in Nanjing, China in 1988,
twelve papers (chapters 4, 5, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, and 21) presented atthe third
Conference, held in Delhi, India in 1991 and two papers (chapters 1 and 3) presented at the
fourth Conference held in Taipei, Taiwan, in 1994, have been included in this book, while
the others are invited papers.
The twenty four chapters written by 31 authors represent a number of different
disciplines: demography, economics, geography, history, planning, and public administra
tion. This book, therefore, looks at the Asian city from a multi-disciplinary perspective.
Eleven chapters are single authored, while the remaining 13 are multi-authored. Scholars
from 11 different countries representing both old and new worlds, and reflecting a wide
variety of viewpoints have contributed chapters for this book. Two-thirds of the authors are
native born Asians. Except for two (chapters 14 and 16), all other chapters have been authored
or coauthored by Asians. This book, is, therefore, essentially the work of scholars who have
a first hand knowledge of the Asian urban scene.
As the 21st century unfolds, the analysis and perspectives provided in this book about
Asian urbanization will be extremely valuable for all those who are interested not only in
urban geography, sociology, economics and history, but also in planning and administration
of cities.
Ashok K. Dutt. Frank J. Costa. Surinder Aggarwal. and Allen O. Noble
Editors
vii
Acknowledgements
It is the organization of the Asian Urbanizational Conferences over the years that spurred
the inspiration for compiling this book. As two-thirds of the chapters included in this Asian
City book have been selected from the presentations and submissions in three of these
conferences their organizers deserve thanks; Professors Gonghao Cui of the Department of
Geography, Nanjing University and Lawrence J.C. Maofthe University of Akron for Second
Asian Urbanization Conference in Nanjing in 1988; Dr. Surinder Aggarwal, Associate
Professor of Geography, Delhi University, Professors Baleswar Thakur of the Department
of Geography, Delhi University and Sudesh Nangia of the Centre for Urban and Regional
Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi for the Third Conference in Delhi in 1991;
Professors Lan-Hung Nora Chaing and Chang-Yi David Chang of the Department of
Geography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan and Jack Williams, Director of the
Asian Studies Center of the Michigan State University for the Fourth Conference in Taipei
in 1994.
Several graduate students of the Department of Geography/Planning and Public Admin
istration/Urban Studies of the University of Akron have helped in organization, formatting,
editing, and computerization in the Word Perfect setting of chapters. Ms. Anupa
Mukhopadhyay, a Ph.D. student (and staff at AIDS Administration, Department of Health
and Mental Hygiene, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, since September 20, 1994), has provided
most of the help, while the assistance provided by Ms. Anindita Parai, Susan Babcock,
Thomas Murphy and Aruna Mayavaram, all graduate students of the University of Akron,
are also acknowledged.
Though most maps and diagrams have been provided by the chapter authors, some
needed reformatting and improvements. Ms. Claudia James and Miss Margaret Geib
(retired), Cartographers of the Department of Geography/ Planning, The University of Akron,
are thanked for making these changes. Ms. James has drawn several new maps and diagrams
as well, while her help in formatting the manuscript in Macintosh PageMaker is also
gratefully acknowledged. Ms. Adrian Humphreys, a Ph.D. student of the Department of
Public Administration and Urban Studies, is thanked for preparing the Harvard graphics
based diagrams for the introductory chapter. We are grateful to Dr. Sunil Dutta, Program
Manager for Small Disadvantaged Businesses, NASA-Lewis Center, Cleveland, Ohio for
permitting us to reproduce his Tokyo and Seoul photographs that he took while he was a
visiting professor at the University of Tokyo and on his visits to East Asia.
Ashok K. Dutt, Frank J. Costa, Surinder Aggarwal, and Allen G. Noble
Editors
Contents
Preface v
Acknowledgements vii
Part I URBANIZATION IN AN INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT
1. An Introduction to the Asian City 1
Ashok K. Dutt, Frank J. Costa, Allen G. Noble, and Surinder Aggarwal
ABOUT THE BOOK 6
Asian Urbanization in a Global Context 6
Comparative Urban Setting 7
Urban Features by Countries 8
Urban Planning 9
The Urban Poor 9
General Perspectives On Asian Urbanization 10
2. Asian Urban Growth Since 1950: Demographic Components, Including
Transnational Redistribution 13
Brian J. L. Berry and Hak-Min Kim
CONCLUSIONS 16
3. City Forms of China and India in Global Perspective 25
Ashok K. Dutt, Yichun Xie, Frank J. Costa, and Zhengmao Yang
EVOLUTION OF CITY FORM 25
Pre-industrial Cities 26
The Industrial City 27
The Colonial City 27
The Post-Industrial City 27
The Post-Independence City 28
The Socialist City 28
SIX EVOLUTIONARY PATHS 28
• West European Model 29
• East European Model 30
• Oil Rich Middle Eastern Model 30
• Chinese Socialist Model 30
• Market-based Developing Country Model 30
• Specific Features of City Evolution 30
EARLY URBAN FORM IN CHINA AND INDIA 31
Early China's Urban Form 31
Early India's Urban Form 33
Comparison of Early City Form in China and India 38
COLONIAL URBAN FORM IN.CHINA AND INDIA 42
The Concession City Form in China 42
Colonial City Form in India 43
Contrasts Between Chinese Concession and Indian Colonial Cities 45
x
POST COLONIAL URBAN FORM IN CHINA AND INDIA 46
Socialist City Form in China 46
Post-independence Cities in India 47
Contrasting China's Socialist and India's Post-independence Cities 47
CONCLUSIONS 48
Part II COMPARATIVE URBAN SETTING
4. The Distribution of City Sizes in Asian Countries 53
P. P. Karan
THE NATURE OF URBANIZATION IN ASIA 54
RANK-SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF CITIES IN ASIA 55
PRIMACY OF THE PRIMATE CITY AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH
MEDIUM AND SMALL CITIES 65
Proeesses Linking Urbanization, Economic Development and City-Size 66
CONCLUSION 68
5. The Concept of Sacred Cities in Asia with Special Reference to India 71
Surinder M. Bhardwaj
SACRED ROOTS OF URBANISM: FROM CITIES AS SACRED PLACES
TO SOME PLACES AS SACRED CITIES 71
CHARACTERISTICS SHARED BY SACRED CITIES: TOWARD A
CLASSIFICATION OF SACRED CITIES 72
TYPOLOGY OF INDIAN SACRED CITIES 74
CONCLUSIONS 78
6. A Comparative Study of Rank-Size Distributions in China and India 81
Ashok K. Dutt, Yichun Xie, Raju J. Das, and Anindita Parai
METHODOLOGY 82
RANK-SIZE DISTRIBUTION AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL 85
ROOTS OF CHINA'S URBANIZATION 86
ROOTS OF INDIA'S URBANIZATION 87
RANK-SIZE DISTRIBUTION AT THE REGIONAL LEVEL 89
CONCLUSIONS 95
7. Spatial Pattern of Commercial Establishments in Two South Asian
City Centers: Rajshahi and Madurai 99
Ashok K. Dutt, Allen G. Noble, and Zeenat Hasan
METHODOLOGY 101
Standard Distance Analysis 102
Results of Nearest Neighbor Analysis for Rajshahi 102
Nearest Neighbor Analysis for Madurai 103
DISCUSSION OF THE STATISTICAL RESULTS 106
Rajshahi 106
Madurai 109
MODEL AND CONCLUSION 114
xi
Part III URBANIZATION CHARACTERISTICS BY COUNTRIES
8. Metropolitization in Densely Populated Asia: The Case of Tokyo 119
Yasuo Masai
POPULATION DENSITY AND URBANIZATION 119
URBAN LIFE AND ENVIRONMENT 123
INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS 124
CONCLUSION 124
9. The Nature of Urbanization in South Korea 127
Naghun Song, Ashok K. Dutt, and Frank J. Costa
URBANIZATION PROCESS 128
URBANIZATION CHARACTERISTICS 130
PROBLEMS OF METROPOLITAN GROWTH 134
URBAN DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 135
The Strategies of the 1960s 135
The Strategies of the 1970s 136
The Strategies of the 1980s 136
Consequence of a Three-Decade Strategy 137
URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT IN THE FUTURE 138
CONCLUSION 139
10. Indian Urbanization: Proliferation of Mega Cities and Urban Corridors 145
B. K. Roy
MEASURE OF URBANIZATION 145
URBAN POPULATION AND CHANGE 148
DILUTION IN URBANIZATION -A CASE OF COCHlN (KOCHl) URBAN
AGGLOMERATION 153
THE MEGA-CITIES AND EXPLOSION OF URBANIZATION 153
THE SOLUTION -URBAN CORRIDORS 155
11. Urbanization in Southeast Asia 159
Ashok K. Dutt and Naghun Song
URBAN HISTORY 160
PROSPECTS FOR URBANIZATION 164
CURRENTPATIERNS OF CITIES 168
URBAN PRIMACY 169
NATURE OF URBANIZATION 171
URBAN PROBLEMS AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 174
FUTURE URBAN MANAGEMENT AND POLICY DIRECTION 176
CONCLUSION 177
12. Small Town Growth and Development Policy in Pakistan 181
Ahktar Husain Siddiqi
THE ROLE OF AGRICULTURE IN URBANIZATION 181
DEVELOPMENT POLICIES 183
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 184
SMALL TOWN GROWTH 188
xii
THE PROCESS OF SMALL TOWN URBANIZATION 191
REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF SMALL URBAN CENTERS 193
REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION 197
SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SMALL TOWNS 200
CONCLUSION 200
Part IV URBAN PLANNING
13. Water Supply in Selected Mega Cities of Asia 205
Anindita Parai, John E. Benhart, and William C. Rense
WATER SUPPLY IN MEGA CITIES OF ASIA 206
Bangkok 206
Manila 207
Jakarta 208
Seoul 209
Dhaka 209
Karachi 209
Delhi 210
Calcutta 210
Bombay 211
CONCLUSION 211
14. The Impact of the Growth of Township Enterprises on Rural-Urban
Transformation in China, 1978-1990 213
Stephen L. Morgan
CHINESE URBANIZATION AND URBAN STATISTICS 214
SUMMARY OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 1949-1990 219
WHAT ARE RURAL TOWNSHIP ENTERPRISES IN CHINA? 221
TOWNSHIP ENTERPRISES IN EAST CHINA 224
THE CRISIS OF 1989 AND BEYOND 229
CONCLUSION 230
15. New Small Towns of Israel: Successes and Failures 237
Elisha Efrat
WHY WERE NEW TOWNS ESTABLISHED IN ISRAEL? 238
HOW MANY SMALL TOWNS WERE BUILT IN ISRAEL AND WHERE? 238
HOW WERE THE SMALL TOWNS ENCOURAGED TO GROW? 240
WHAT WERE THE RESULTS IN THE SMALL DEVELOPMENT TOWNS? 243
WHAT ARE THE GEOGRAPHICAL CONSEQUENCES FROM ISRAEL'S CASES? 245
CONCLUSION 246
16. Exporting Planning: The Work of Thomas Karsten in Colonial Indonesia 249
James L. Cobban
CITY EXPANSION AND THE NEED FOR PLANNING 249
THE CONTENT OF TOWN PLANNING 250
AESTHETICS 251
THE REORGANIZATION OF SOCIAL LIFE 252
BUILDINGS AND CITY SECTORS 252
BASIC PLANNING CONCEPTS 253
