Table Of Content
The Self-Operating Napkin
Theprofessorwalksinhissleep,strollsthrougha (I)whichopensandlightsautomaticcigarlighter
cactus field in his bare feet, and screams out an (J), setting off sky-rocket (K) which causes sickle
ideaforself-operatingnapkin. (L) to cut string (M) and allow pendulum with
Asyouraisespoonofsoup(A)toyourmouth attached napkin to swing back and forth thereby
itpullsstring(B),therebyjerkingladle(C)which wipingoffyourchin.
throws cracker (D) past parrot (E). Parrot jumps After the meal, substitute harmonica for the
after cracker and perch (F) tilts, upsetting seeds napkin and you’ll be able to entertain the guests
(G) into pail (H). Extra weight in pail pulls cord withalittlemusic.
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RubeGoldberg anda ofRubeGoldberg,Inc.
DistributedbyUnitedMedia.
Englander f01.tex V2-December9,2013 10:19A.M. Pagei
FIFTH EDITION
THE ARCHITECTURE OF
COMPUTER HARDWARE,
SYSTEMS SOFTWARE,
& NETWORKING
AN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY APPROACH
Irv Englander
BentleyUniversity
Englander f01.tex V2-December9,2013 10:19A.M. Pageii
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Englander,Irv.
Thearchitectureofcomputerhardware,systemssoftware,&networking:aninformationtechnologyapproach/
IrvEnglander,BentleyUniversity.—Fifthedition.
pagescm
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-1-118-32263-5(paper)
1.Computers.2.Systemssoftware.I.Title.
QA76.5.E5662014
005.4’3--dc23
2013027578
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
10987654321
Englander f01.tex V2-December9,2013 10:19A.M. Pageiii
Tofouroutstandingteachersandgreathumanbeings:
Withyourguidance,inspiration,andpatience,youshowedme
thateverythingispossible.
Dr.SidneyH.Englander(1900–1980)
andMildredK.Englander(1906–2008),
inmemoriammyfatherandmother
AlbertL.Daugherty,inmemoriam
teacherofScienceinClevelandHeights,Ohio
from1927to1970
EdithB.Malin,inmemoriam
teacherofEnglishinClevelandHeights,Ohio
from1924to1958
Englander btoc.tex V2-December9,2013 2:57P.M. Pageiv
B R I E F C O N T E N T S
PART ONE
AN OVERVIEW OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS 2
n
CHAPTER 1 Computers and Systems 4
n
CHAPTER 2 An Introduction to System Concepts and Systems
Architecture 38
PART TWO
DATA IN THE COMPUTER 70
n
CHAPTER 3 Number Systems 72
n
CHAPTER 4 Data Formats 100
n
CHAPTER 5 Representing Numerical Data 136
PART THREE
COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
AND HARDWARE OPERATION 176
n
CHAPTER 6 The Little Man Computer 178
n
CHAPTER 7 The CPU and Memory 194
n
CHAPTER 8 CPU and Memory: Design, Enhancement,
and Implementation 234
n
CHAPTER 9 Input/Output 266
iv
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BRIEFCONTENTS v
n
CHAPTER10 Computer Peripherals 294
n
CHAPTER11 Modern Computer Systems 332
PART FOUR
NETWORKS AND DATA COMMUNICATIONS 358
n
CHAPTER12 Networks and Data Communications—an Overview 360
n
CHAPTER13 Ethernet and TCP/IP Networking 400
n
CHAPTER14 Communication Channel Technology 442
PART FIVE
THE SOFTWARE COMPONENT 474
n
CHAPTER15 Operating Systems: An Overview 476
n
CHAPTER16 The User View of Operating Systems 510
n
CHAPTER17 File Management 544
n
CHAPTER18 The Internal Operating System 586
SUPPLEMENTARY CHAPTERS
OntheWebatwww.wiley.com/college/englander
n
SUPPLEMENTARYCHAPTER1 An Introduction to Digital
Computer Logic
n
SUPPLEMENTARYCHAPTER2 System Examples
n
SUPPLEMENTARYCHAPTER3 Instruction Addressing
Modes
n
SUPPLEMENTARYCHAPTER4 Programming Tools
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C O N T E N T S
Preface xviii
AbouttheAuthor xxv
PART ONE
AN OVERVIEW OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS 2
n
CHAPTER 1 Computers and Systems 4
1.0 Introduction 5
1.1 TheStartingPoint 9
1.2 ComponentsoftheComputerSystem 11
TheHardwareComponent 13
TheSoftwareComponent 16
TheCommunicationComponent 18
TheComputerSystem 18
1.3 TheConceptofVirtualization 20
1.4 ProtocolsandStandards 20
1.5 OverviewofThisBook 22
1.6 ABriefArchitecturalHistoryoftheComputer 23
EarlyWork 24
ComputerHardware 25
OperatingSystems 28
Communication,Networks,andtheInternet 33
SummaryandReview 34 ForFurtherReading 34
KeyConceptsandTerms 35 ReadingReviewQuestions 35
Exercises 36
n
CHAPTER 2 An Introduction to System Concepts and Systems
Architecture 38
2.0 Introduction 39
2.1 TheGeneralConceptofSystems 40
2.2 ITSystemArchitectures 47
DistributedProcessingSystems 49
TheRoleoftheSystemArchitect 59
vi
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CONTENTS vii
Google:ASystemArchitectureExample 60
AnotherExample:Facebook’sApplicationArchitecture 64
SummaryandReview 65 ForFurtherReading 66
KeyConceptsandTerms 66 ReadingReviewQuestions 67
Exercises 67
PART TWO
DATA IN THE COMPUTER 70
n
CHAPTER 3 Number Systems 72
3.0 Introduction 73
3.1 NumbersasaPhysicalRepresentation 74
3.2 CountinginDifferentBases 74
3.3 PerformingArithmeticinDifferentNumberBases 78
3.4 NumericConversionBetweenNumberBases 82
AnAlternativeConversionMethod 83
3.5 HexadecimalNumbersandArithmetic 85
3.6 ASpecialConversionCase—NumberBasesthatareRelated 87
3.7 Fractions 88
FractionalConversionMethods 90
3.8 MixedNumberConversions 93
SummaryandReview 94 ForFurtherReading 94
KeyConceptsandTerms 95 ReadingReviewQuestions 95
Exercises 96
n
CHAPTER 4 Data Formats 100
4.0 Introduction 101
4.1 GeneralConsiderations 101
4.2 AlphanumericCharacterData 104
4.3 VisualData 111
BitmapImages 112
ObjectImages 116
RepresentingCharactersasImages 119
VideoImages 120
4.4 AudioData 120
4.5 DataCompression 124
4.6 PageDescriptionLanguages 125
4.7 InternalComputerDataFormat 126
NumericalCharactertoIntegerConversion 128
SummaryandReview 129 ForFurtherReading 130
KeyConceptsandTerms 130 ReadingReviewQuestions 131
Exercises 132
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viii CONTENTS
n
CHAPTER 5 Representing Numerical Data 136
5.0 Introduction 137
5.1 UnsignedBinaryandBinary-CodedDecimal
Representations 138
5.2 RepresentationsforSignedIntegers 141
Sign-and-MagnitudeRepresentation 141
Nine’sDecimaland1’sBinaryComplementary
Representations 143
Ten’sComplementand2’sComplement 149
OverflowandCarryConditions 152
OtherBases 153
SummaryofRulesforComplementaryNumbers 153
5.3 RealNumbers 154
AReviewofExponentialNotation 154
FloatingPointFormat 156
NormalizationandFormattingofFloatingPointNumbers 158
AProgrammingExample 161
FloatingPointCalculations 162
FloatingPointintheComputer 164
ConversionbetweenBase10andBase2 166
5.4 ProgrammingConsiderations 167
SummaryandReview 168 ForFurtherReading 169
KeyConceptsandTerms 169 ReadingReviewQuestions 169
Exercises 170
PART THREE
COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE AND HARDWARE
OPERATION 176
n
CHAPTER 6 The Little Man Computer 178
6.0 Introduction 179
6.1 LayoutoftheLittleManComputer 179
6.2 OperationoftheLMC 181
6.3 ASimpleProgram 182
6.4 AnExtendedInstructionSet 184
6.5 TheInstructionCycle 187
6.6 ANoteRegardingComputerArchitectures 190
SummaryandReview 190
KeyConceptsandTerms 191 ReadingReviewQuestions 191
Exercises 191
