The Architects' Handbook

464 Pages·2002·42.38 MB·English

by  Quentin Pickard

The Architects’ Handbook
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Blackwell
Science
0 2002 by Blackwell Science Ltd, First published 2002 by Blackwell Science Ltd
a Blackwell Publishing Company Reprinted 2003
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The architects’ handbook I edited by Quentin Pickard.
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Includes bibliographical references and index.
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C O N T E N T S
PREFACE vi FIRE STATIONS 92
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii Schedule of Accommodation 93
...
CONTRIBUTORS VIll HALLS OF RESIDENCE AND HOSTELS 99
AIRPORTS 1 Halls of Residence 99
The Airport 2 Accommodation Requirements 101
The Terminal 4 Hostel and Shared Accommodation 104
Air Traffic Control Towers 11 Foyers 106
BUSINESS PARKS 12 HEALTH SERVICE BUILDINGS 108
Detailed Considerations 14 The Acute Hospital 111
Hospital Departments 116
CINEMAS 18
Hospital Support Services 127
Detailed Design 19
Community and Locality Hospitals 129
Servicing Facilities 20
Health Centres and General
Alternative Cinema Accommodation 22
Medical Practice Premises 131
COMMUNITY CENTRES 24 Mental Health Services and their Buildings 132
Community Consultation and Briefing 25 Nursing Homes 134
Sustainability 25
Design Issues 25 HOSPICES 137
Detailed Design 138
CREMATORIA 29
Schedule of Accommodation 30 HOTELS 142
Categories of Hotels 142
EDUCATION: SCHOOLS 34 Locations 142
History 34
Functional Relationships 143
Types of Space 36
Guest Rooms 145
Building Design Issues 39
Entrances 148
Grounds 44
Lobbies 148
Facilities Management 45
Restaurants, Bars, Function Rooms 149
Provision for Under-5s 46
Laundry and Housekeeping 150
Primary 48
Employee Facilities 151
Middle Schools 51
Technical Areas 152
Secondary Schools 54
Post-16 59 HOUSING AND RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS 154
Special Schools 59 Public Sector 156
Private Sector Development 159
EDUCATION:
PPG 3 (Housing) 160
UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES 61
Brownfield Sites 160
Schedules of Accommodation 63
Lifetime Homes 160
Other Considerations 64
Site Topography 162
Changing Educational Needs 64
Site Layout and Access 163
Changing Social Expectations 66
Pedestrian Access 166
Planning New Facilities 67
Services 166
Conclusions 69
Private Garages 167
EDUCATION: Relationship to Other Buildings 169
ART, DESIGN AND MEDIA STUDIOS 71 Dwelling Design Standards and Regulations 172
Design Studios 71 Classification of Plan Types 177
Workshops 72 Selecting Plans 178
Drawing Studios 73 Flats: Building Types 182
FARM BUILDINGS 74 Flats: Types of Access 183
The Origins of the Modern Farm 74 Duplex and Triplex Sections 184
Current Trends 75 Flats: Determining Factors 184
Future Trends and the Need for New Internal Function 187
Buildings 76 Main Entrance 187
Planning Controls 77 LivindReception Rooms 187
Design Considerations 78 Dining Room 187
Design and Appearance 79 Study 187
Types of Farm 79 Specialist Rooms 187
Energy Requirements 80 Kitchens 188
Examples of Types of Stock Housing 82 LaundryAJtility Spaces 191
Storage Buildings 90 Bedrooms 191
Bathrooms 192 Extending the Museum Wings 266
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193 Access and Circulation 266
Storage 193 Communication Signage 269
Safety and Security Generally 195 Design for Curatorial Needs and
Conservation Work 269
INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS 197
Detailed Design 269
Site Selection 197
Information Technology 270
Development Options 197
Environment 271
Site Layout 198
Lighting 274
Basic Building Type Selection 199
Security 277
Site Development 200
Selection Strategy 200 OFFICES 278
Factories 202 History 280
Factory Building Types 202 Trends 281
Warehouses 207 Spaces 284
Layout 207 Layout 285
Warehouse Building TypesIHandling 209 Technology and Power 289
Workshops 212 Environment 291
Workshop Tenancies: Building Type 214 Settings 293
Building Environment 218 Shell and Scenery 296
Waste Removal 219
PUBS 307
Planning for Fire Control 219
The Pub Atmosphere 307
Environmental Compartmentation 220
Pub Usage 308
Workplace Design 220
Amenity and Hygiene 221 RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS 309
Loading Bays 222 Religious Affiliation 309
Christian Churches 309
LABORATORIES 225
Mosques 314
Space Standards 225
Synagogues 316
The Laboratory Space 226
Hindu Temples 320
Offices 226
Sikh Temples 321
Back-up Rooms 226
Lab Storage Areas 227 RESTAURANTS AND CATERING
Fitting Out 227 FACILITIES 322
Engineering Services 229 Planning Factors 322
Building Fabric 230 Restaurant Types and Space Allowances 324
Kitchens and Catering Facilities 329
LANDSCAPE WORKS 231
Counters/Serving Areas 333
Design Factors 23 1
WC Provision 334
General Features of Landscape Works 232
Legislation 334
Private Gardens 236
Public and Commercial Landscape Works 239 SHOPS AND RETAIL 335
Street Furniture 242 Terminology 338
Public Open Spaces and Parks 243 Detailed Design 338
Small Shops 339
LAW COURTS 245
Medium-size Stores and Supermarkets 341
Types of Court 245
Shopping Centres/Superstores/Hypermarkets3 41
The Court Building 246
The Crown Courtroom 247 SPORTS FACILITIES 344
The Courtroom Environment 249 Stadiums: General Design 344
The Courthouse 249 Athletics 351
Design Variations with Non-Crown Courts 551 Sports Pitches and Courts 352
Swimming 358
LIBRARIES AND LEARNING
Tennis 364
RESOURCE CENTRES 253
Equestrian 366
Schedule of Accommodation and
Detailed Design 254 THEATRES AND ARTS CENTRES 368
Building Services 259 Organisation 369
ReceptiodFront of House 370
MUSEUMS AND ART GALLERIES 261
Auditorium 373
The Organisation of the Collection 261
Stage/Backstage 375
The Role of the Museum 262
Supporting Areas 377
The Museum Today 262
Regulations 378
Accessibility 262
The Message of the Building 263 VEHICLE FACILITIES 379
Visitor Centres 264 Detailed Design 379
Design of the Museum 265 Car Park Design 381
Petrol Stations 384 Windows and External Doors 406
Vehicle Showrooms 385 Controls 406
Vehicle Services 385 Protection 406
Bus and Coach Stations 386 Support 406
Transport Interchanges 386 Information 406
Specific Buildings 407
YOUTH HOSTELS 388
Existing Buildings 407
Types of Youth Hostel 388
Legislation 407
Detailed Design 388
DRAWING PRACTICE AND
ZOOS AND AQUARIUMS 392
PRESENTATION 408
Zoos: Detailed Design 393
Traditional Drawing Skills 408
Aquariums: Design 397
Organisation of Drawings 410
Marine Animal Parks, Oceanariums, etc. 400
Projections 411
DESIGN FOR ACCESSIBILITY 401 Sections 413
Guidance and Principles 402 Scales 414
Approaches 402 Lettering 415
Entrances 402 Expressing Sizes 417
Internal Circulation 403 Presentation of Dimension Lines and Sizes 417
Lavatories 405
BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES 41 9
Showers, Bathrooms, Changing Facilities 405
Kitchens 406 CONVERSION OF UNITS 428
Counters and Work Surfaces 406 INDEX 446
P R E FACE
The Architects’ Handbook provides visual and and no doubt expanded. Architects and other
technical information for most building types likely designers have to keep abreast of seemingly constant
to be encountered by architects, designers and changes and will appreciate that it is essential to
building surveyors. For each section, we have tried check that all technical information is up to date.
to ensure a representative sample of recent buildings One sad but inevitable development is the
to reflect the diversity of approach so essential in a increasing rarity of drawings of good visual appeal.
well-designed environment. Numerous plans, many The growth of computer-aided design is resulting in
sections and elevations, and some three-dimensional the near-disappearance of visually satisfying
views have been included, to give the essential drawings. CAD drawings are often unsuitable for
character of a particular building. The distinctive book reproduction - there is little distinction in line
contribution of this book is that it concentrates more thickness, much irrelevant detail is included (grid
on the overall character of buildings, and not on lines, minor dimensions etc.), while other important
excessive detail or too much technical information. information often seems impossible to obtain (for
Although we have deliberately avoided comment on instance, scales and north points). To try to ensure
the design qualities of buildings, the fact that a that the art of good draughting is not entirely
building is included indicates. that we consider it forgotten, a section on drawing practice has
makes a positive design contribution. therefore been included - a subject that otherwise
One aspect that became increasingly evident as might not seem to be particularly appropriate for
the book progressed was just how flexible a building this book.
designation needs to be: ‘business parks’, for This work has drawn upon many sources, and
instance, do not want to be included in ‘industrial considerable efforts have been made to ensure that
buildings’; an ‘arts centre’ should be considered with all copyright material has been properly credited. If
theatres, and certainly not with ‘art galleries’; and is by mischance anything has been overlooked, it will
an arts centre really just a superior type of be noted in the next edition. Many specialists have
community centre? Many buildings designed to been consulted about technical details, and their
produce physical components, which we used to call contributions are gratefully acknowledged; they are
‘industrial buildings’, are now more akin to offices listed in the following pages.
than industry. There are many similarities between Inevitably in a work as extensive as this, some
an out-of-town hypermarket shed and a warehouse, errors are bound to occur, and readers’ comments
yet one is commonly called a ‘shop’ and the other an and suggestions (which should be sent to the
‘industrial building’. publishers) will all be noted.
The question of how much reference should be I am very grateful to all the architects, other
made to technical standards and other legislation is individuals and organisations who have supplied
never easy to answer. Wherever possible, therefore, information, many having gone to considerable lengths
such references have been kept to a minimum, and to provide the correct drawings or technical details.
grouped at the end of the book. It should also be Sincere thanks are due to all the contributors for
remembered that accessibility facilities have been their hard work, and also to Antonia Powell, who
discussed in several sections, and generally it has undertook a great deal of research. I would also like
been assumed that, for instance, a disabled WC must to thank my publisher, Julia Burden, who offered
be provided in every building to which the public has constant encouragement and suggestions, and Paul
access, and it seemed superfluous to mention this in Stringer and Mark Straker, who have managed to
every instance. turn a mass of text and drawings into an excellent
The one thing of which we can be certain is that final layout. Thanks also to Geoff Lee for his many
technical requirements will continue to be amended, first-rate drawings.
Quentin Pickard
www.qpickard.co.uk
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
BUSINESS PARKS LIBRARIES AND LEARNING RESOURCE
2: Illustration from English Estates (and others) CENTRES
Industrial and Commercial Estates, Planning and 1: Illustration 0 British Museum Central Archives.
Site Development, published by Thomas Telford, 3, 4: Illustrations reproduced from information
London. provided by NPS Architectural Services and
7: The September 1997 masterplan of Kings Hill Library and Information Service, Norfolk County
Business Park designed by Wordsearch Council.
Communications is reproduced by kind permission
of Rouse Kent Ltd. MUSEUMS AND ART GALLERIES
12, 15: Illustrations from Hall, M. (1987) On
EDUCATION: UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES Display: A Design Grammar, Lund Humphries
1, 2, 4, 7: Illustrations from Department for Publishers Ltd, London.
Education, Architects & Building Branch, Design
Note 50, Accommodation for Changes in Further OFFICES
Education. Crown copyright is reproduced with 4-31: Illustrations adapted from the following and
the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty’s used with permission:
Stationery Office. British Council for Offices (2000) BCO Guide 2000:
Best practice in the specification of offices, BCO
FARMS Marmot A. and Eley J. (1995) Understanding
4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 24, 25: Offices, Penguin Books, Harmondsworth
Illustrations reproduced, with permission, from Raymond S. and Cunliffe R. (1997) Tomorrow’s
N. H. Noton’s Farm Buildings (College of Estate Office: creating effective and humane interiors, E
Management, Reading, 1982). & FN Spon, London
7, 8: Reproduced, with permission, from Southorn, Raymond S. and Cunliffe R. (1997) Corporate
N. (1996) Farm Buildings - Planning and reception areas: a design guide, Eclipse, London
Construction, Melbourne: Inkata (a division of Van Meel J. (2000) The European Office: office
Butterworth Heinemann). design in the national context, 010 Publishers,
9, 17, 19, 20, 21: Illustrations reproduced by Rotterdam
permission of I. J. Loynes, of ADAS at that time.
(ADAS are specialists in agricultural and rural RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS
building design.) 12, 13: Illustrations from Bradbeer, F.H. ‘Church
26: Reproduced from Farm Building Progress, 110, Design: Principles of Organ Design’, Architects’
October 1992, p. 5. Journal, vol. 146, pp 927-36.
20: From de Breffny B. (1978) The Synagogue,
HOUSING AND RESIDENTIAL Weidenfeld & Nicolson Ltd, London.
ACCOMMODATI 0N 21, 24: From Krinsky C.H. (1985) Synagogues of
5, 51: Illustrations from Goodchild, B. (1997) Europe, Architectural History Foundation/
Housing and the Urban Environment, Blackwell Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press,
Science, Oxford. Cambridge, Massachusetts.
56, 57: From Housing Quality Indicators: Research
Report and Indicators, Department of the SPORTS
Environment, Transport and the Regions and the 85, 86, 87, 88: Illustrations from Swimming Pools
Housing Corporation: Crown copyright 1999. and Ice Rinks, edited by Geraint John and K
Reproduced with the permission of the Controller Campbell, published by Butterworth
of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. Architecture, and reproduced by permission of
121: From NHBC Standards (National House- Butterworth Heinemann, a division of Reed
Building Council, .Amersham). Used with Educational & Professional Publishing Ltd.
permission.
ZOOS AND AQUARIUMS
INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS 2: Illustration of the elephant and rhinoceros house
29: Diagrams from Principles of Warehouse Design, at London Zoo is used with permission from
courtesy of the Institute of Logistics and Casson Condor Partnership.
Transport. 5, 6, 7: Illustrations reproduced, with permission,
from Mallinson, J.J.C. and Carroll, J.B. (1995)
LABORATORIES ‘Integrating Needs in Great Ape Accommodation:
3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10: Illustrations reproduced, with Sumatran Orangutan Pongo pygmaeus abelli
permission, from Laboratories: A Briefing and “Home Habitat’’ of JWPT’, in: Proceedings of the
Design Guide, by Walter Hain, published by E & International Orangutan Conference: The
FN Spon (an imprint of Taylor & Francis), 1995, Neglected Ape, Nadler R.D., Galdikas B., Sheeran
pages 14, 15, 17, 24,26 and 36. ~L.,a nd Rosen N. (eds), Plenum Press, New York.
C O N T R I B U T O R S
EDITOR graduate levels, in 2000 he returned to private practice
and is a visiting fellow at South Bank University. His
Quentin Pickard, BA, RIBA, MiMgt
areas of specialism include buildability and the role of
Since 1978 Quentin Pickard has been a partner in
design within the private finance initiative.
private practice, specialising in conservation and
ecclesiastical projects. He studied at Newcastle Helen Dallas, MA (EdMan), Dip Arch, RIBA
University and Thames Polytechnic, and has taught (Cinemas, Landscape Works, Vehicle Facilities)
part-time at several London universities and at the Following her studies at Newcastle University and
Architectural Association. As a member of the Aqua North London Polytechnic, Helen Dallas qualified in
Group he is co-author of three books on contract 1985 and subsequently worked in private practice
practice and administration. He is currently the on residential, commercial and ecclesiastical
RIBA Conservation Advisor and has been buildings. A former member of the Aqua Group, she
instrumental in establishing the Register of is currently Development Manager for a leading
Architects Accredited in Building Conservation. disability charity.
DfES (Department for Education and Skills), Schools
RESEARCH ASSISTANT
Building and Design Unit
Antonia Powell, BSc (Hons) (Education: Schools)
Antonia Powell studied at South Bank University, With special thanks to: Tamasin Dale, Robin
and is a senior conservation officer with a local Bishop, Chris Bissell, Sandra Legg, Andy
authority in London. Thompson, Alison Wadsworth, Beech Williamson.
Previously known as the Architects and Building
CONTRIBUTORS Branch of the DfEE, the Unit continues to offer
design advice and guidance to schools, building
Peter Beacock, BA, BArch, MSc, RIBA
professionals and the British Government through
(Community Centres)
its Building Bulletins, seminars and involvement in
Peter Beacock runs the Architectural Design and
live case-study projects.
Management programme at the University of
Northumbria, and has an interest in sustainable Roger Dixon, Dip Arch, MaPS
design. In addition, he has worked with Wilkinson (Health Service Buildings)
Hindle Halsall Lloyd Partnership (WHHLP) on a Roger Dixon is an architect and health facility
number of recent projects. planner with parallel careers in the Health Ministry
and in his own practice since 1965. He has worked
Patricia Beecham, BA (Hons),B Arch (Hons), RIBA
internationally on project briefing, development
(Farms; Museums; Law Courts; Zoos and
control planning and design as well as on research
Aquariums)
and evaluation.
After studying at Newcastle University, Patricia
Beecham spent 20 years as a registered architect on Brian Edwards, Dip Arch, MSc, PhD, RIBA, RIAS,
a wide variety of projects in private practice in MRTPI
Liverpool, London and Newcastle. During two years (Airports)
in Warsaw she developed a series of guided A Professor of Architecture at Edinburgh College of
architectural walks. She is now practising Art/Heriot Watt University in Edinburgh, Brian
independently. Edwards has a particular interest in transport
architecture and was a member of the design team
Fiona Brettwood, BA, Dip Arch, RIBA
for Edinburgh Airport. He has authored many
(Community Centres)
journal articles and 15 books, including The Modern
Fiona Brettwood is a partner in Wilkinson Hindle
Terminal: new approaches to airport architecture,
Halsall Lloyd Partnership (WHHLP), which has
published by Spon in 1998.
over 25 years’ experience of community
architecture, community consultation and design Howard Goodman
participation. Her recent and current projects are (Health Service Buildings)
with community projects in the North-East, helping The late Howard Goodman of MPA and former
in the development of appropriate facilities for the Health Ministry Chief Architect, 1971-88, initiated
21st century. this chapter. It was completed by his Ministry and
MPA colleagues, Roger Dixon and Tony Noakes. The
John Cavilla, BSc (Hons), MCIOB, MAPM, MiMgt
more than 120 years of leading-edge experience they
(Drawing Practice and Presentation)
have brought to the subject includes research, briefing,
After graduating in Building Technology at the
special development projects, master planning, design
University of Manchester Institute of Science and
guidance and design-in-use evaluation.
Technology, John Cavilla gained some 22 years’
experience in contracting, project management and Walter Hain, BArch, RIBA
architecture before becoming a senior lecturer in (Laboratories)
construction at South Bank University in 1985. Walter Hain has been extensively involved in
Having lectured in a wide range of construction- laboratory work on new-build and refurbishment
related subjects at both undergraduate and post- projects in both the public and private sectors.
Sean Jones, BA, BArch, RIBA, Associate Principal, the development of health building design in the UK.
HOK Sport
Kate Pickard, BA (Hons)
(Sports)
(Theatres and Arts Centres)
After qualifying at Manchester University, Sean
Born in Australia and raised in Africa and Scotland,
Jones joined HOK Sport (formally Lobb Sports
Kate Pickard obtained her honours degree in Fine
Architecture) in 1985. During his time with the
Art and Theatre at De Montfort University,
company he has gained experience on a wide variety
Leicester. She studied Theatre Design in North
of projects in the commercial, sports and leisure
Carolina while working on local theatre and film
sectors across the globe, taking major stadiums,
sets.
sports grandstands and racecourse facilities through
from detailed design to project completion. He Santa Raymond, Dip Arch, RIBA
managed the Cardiff project office which completed ( 0f fices)
the Millennium Stadium at Cardiff Arms Park in An architect and interior designer, Santa Raymond is
time for the Rugby World Cup in 1999, and now principal of SRC workplace design specialists, and
manages the team responsible for the new stadium co-author of Tomorrow’s Office: creating effective
for Arsenal Football Club. He is also heading up the and humane interiors. She is also responsible for
design team for the Far0 and Benfica Stadiums devising lean office conferences.
which will play key roles in the Euro 2004 football
Stephen J. Thorpe, BA (Hons) Arch, RIBA, NRAC,
championships.
MEWI, Threshold Architects
Grace Kenny, BA (PPE), LksL (Ling Lit Hist), MA (Designf or Accessibility)
(Fr), PhD (Arch), Dip Trans MIL Having qualified in 1961, Stephen Thorpe has since
(Education: Universities and Colleges) 1970 been working in the field of designing for
After research at University College London accessibility. He contributes as designer, access
(economics and architecture) Grace Kenny ran the consultant, expert witness, author and illustrator.
R&D programme at the Architects and Building
Branch of the DfES. She now advises higher and PROFESSIONAL AND SPECIALIST ASSISTANCE
further education institutes on space. ALSO PROVIDED BY
Community Centres: David Cummings
Fred Lawson, PhD, MSc, EurIng, CEng Farms: I.J. Loynes, BSc, MIagrE, Head of
(Hotels; Restaurants and Catering Facilities) Engineering, Harper Adams University College
Qualified in four chartered institutions, Professor Fire Stations: Peter J. Smith, Dip Arch, Buildings
Lawson has undertaken major hotel and tourism Officer, London Fire and Civil Defence Authority
projects in over 30 countries, including assignments Health Service Buildings: Dr Ronnie Pollock,
for the World Bank, United Nations Development consultant in healthcare planning; Glynis M.
Programme, EU and World Tourism Organisation. Meredith-Windle, Meredith-Windle Associates
He has authored ten books on planning and design Housing: Rex Hawkesworth, ARIBA
and, as a leading academic, he has pioneered these Law Courts: Mike Sandquest, Christopher
subjects in a number of universities. Rainford, Paul Monaghan
Libraries: John Creber, BA, ALA
Di McPhee, BSc (Hons)
Theatres: P. Connolly, Theatres Trust Administrator
(Crematoria)
Youth Hostels: John Bothamley
Tony Noakes Zoos: Jeremy J.C. Mallinson, Director, Jersey
(Health Service Buildings) Wildlife Preservation Trust; Gordon McGregor
Tony Noakes is an architect specialising in the Reid, Director, North of England Zoological
theory and practice of health building planning and Society; Brian Seward, Assistant Director, Bristol
design. In the 1960s he joined the UK Health Zoo; Roger J. Wheater, Director, The Royal
Ministry team that, for over 30 years, spearheaded Zoological Society of Scotland