Table Of ContentContents
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RozanVoavs,Vi alsili l'1e8v5i6-c1h9,1 9.
Thea pocaloyfop ustrei maen,do thwerri tings.
CONTENTSSo:l itarilae.a-vFeasl.l-eFna llen
leavaes se:c obnads k[eett.c .]
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Prinitnte hdUe n itSetda toefAs m erica
Introduction
Ifw el oaotkt hgee necroamlp oosfti htei oAnp oca
lypasnead s oku rse"lWvheiaisstat, l alb o.ut.?.
Whentchaeen gterhr,ea ge-itnhdreoe aerdoi fn g
thAep oca(floyrtp hsbieos o ikn dereodaa rnsd
groawnefis n)d,o ursaellalvto e nsci eno uorw n
tim.e.sI. ti ste rraipbolcya( l"ympytsitce rious''),
terrsitbrlatynh gmaeet n w,h opleeo phluemsa,n ity
--alla rlei vtihnrgoa unag pho caclryipstiisc.
TheA pocaloyfOp usrTei me
Int hnei neotfti helesa csetn ttuhrecyro eu slodm etbiesm eeeisnn S t.
Peternsebwusrpgoa ffipceaerr sa tshmeartl hlin,ne ,r vmoaunws i tahh e avy
reddmiussht ascthaeiw niettdho baacncadso h obreta wrhdro,e semibnl ed
higse nearpaple aarp arnocveis ncchioaollo mraar satielbrwo aoyk ing-office
cleNroko .n see ehiinwmgo uglude tshsah tew aasm ontghm ea stoefr s
Russian Tlhiidtsre arnbao,tn udreesm.ca rnpi opsts easnes xetdr aordinary
intellari ogbeaunnscpdtee ,n etwriaattn,ii nntge rnesleife geiloiaunnsgad ,
commaonfRd u sspiraotnsh eia ntd uPcreidMn icres iknhy ic sl ahsissitco ry
ofm odeRmu ssliiatne rtaoct auhlrileqm u istiem p"ltyhg er eaptreosste
wriotfhe irts i me."
Rozahniomvsw eoluhfla dvb ee ealn i tptulzezb lyte hdci lsa Hiemd :in do t
reghairmds eals ft ybalusiat ssa tm anw hot hrsetwyt lote hw ei nwdrso,t e
3
;
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i
4 Introduction Introduction 5
strenuously and colloquially, and possessed a formidable impatience. At vari- of the human soul, out of its deepest recesses. And always there is the sense
ous tirnes he was called "a savage," "a fool of God," "an arch-reactionary," of being at the ultimate naked edge of things, overlooking the abyss.
"a revolutionary," "a champion of the Orthodox Church," "a pornographer," These are the thoughts that Rozanov valued most, and more often than he
and worse. The philosopher Nicholas Berdyaev described him as "an old dared to hope he was able to capture them before they vanished. He wrote
Russian peasant woman of genius, a mystical peasant woman." The Commu- them down as they came to him while sitting by the fire, or in his bathroom,
nists detested him and banned his books. For a man who wore his cloak of or as he was driving home in a cab, or as he was walking through the streets
invisibility with a kind of rugged nonchalance, Rozanov would scarcely have of St. Petersburg. Sometimes, of course, they were only the sounds of the soul
regarded this reductio ad absurdum with any amazement. Long before he died, muttering to itself. At other times the thoughts have a purity, a freshness, and
he knew that his ideas had "got thqough." He had entered the mainstream of an authenticity that proclaim their origins.
Russian literature and Russian thought. In the Soviet Union he is still read "Man is a mystery," wrote Dostoyevsky. "The mystery must be solved, and
secretly; his works are pondered and debated; and there are some who regard even if you spend your whole life attempting to solve it, do not say you have
him as the bearer of a message that will be heard again in the future. wasted your time. I occupy myself with this mystery, because I want to be a
For Rozanov-in spite of all his faults, errors of taste, coarseness, even his man." Dostoyevsky attempted to solve the mystery in his immense, chaotic
vulgarity and perhaps especially his vulgarity-was a very rare phenomenon: novels, which reflect the immensity and chaos of the human soul. Rozanov,
,
a pure thinker who never forgot his humanity, and indeed reveled in his human deeply devoted to Dostoyevsky and quite incapable of writing novels, hoped
qualities. To be a man, to have a wife and children, to belong to the Orthodox to solve the mystery by contemplation, by watching and listening to the soul's
Church, which he alternately loved and hated, to smoke endless cigarettes, to sudden illuminations and questionings.
talk to cab-drivers and philosophers, to collect ancient coins and to study Rozanov never succeeded in solving the mystery, but he succeeded in map-
ancient religions, to be alive in the exciting years before Russia drifted into war ping whole regions of the mysterious territory that had never been mapped
-all this was exhilaration enough for a lifetime. He was a very ordinary and before. He was an existentialist long before existentialism came into existence.
nearly invisible man who possessed extraordinary gifts, and the chief of his He obeyed the existentialist rules: you approach the mystery empty-handed,
gifts was the power in his writings to bring you immediately into his presence. and you are permitted to use only your own native strength, your native
His rough, gravelly voice is inimitable. In his four great works- Solitaria; intelligence. Ruses are permitted; you enter the lair without being observed;
Fallen Leaves; Fallen Leaves: A Second Basket; and The Apocalypse of Our your task is to trap the mystery into revealing itself. All theologies may be
Time-4e attempts by means of aphorisms, diary notes, ejaculations, and used, for theology is simply the road men have traveled before you. You may
memos addressed to himself to portray his own innermost nature, and in the use any weapons that lie within reach: wit, invective, poetry. Rozanov's most
process he succeeds in conveying the atmosphere of his time, and the very effective weapon was his common humanity.
disjointedness of his thoughts has the effect of giving him a reality that no Hence his interest in sex, fatherhood, prostitution, homosexuality, ritual
amount of formal explication would have su&ea"O in giving. By revealing baths, circumcision, blood sacrifices; and on all these subjects he shocked his
himself he reveals his age; and we become hi$moanions on a iournev to readers by his outspokenness. "Is nothing sacred to Rozanov?" they said, and
catastrophe. he answered that everything was sacred, but a special sanctity was attached
Very few writers have succeeded in conveying the innermost essence of their to sex and procreation. He despised reactionary politicians as much as he
thoughts. The most successful have been diarists, letter-writers, and those rare despised revolutionaries and their dreams of a heaven on earth achieved
authors like Leonardo da vinci whose scattered notes written for no other eyes through endless suffering. He loved Russian priests not because they were
but their own bring us abruptly into the presence of that remote powerhouse priests but because they were patriarchs with long beards and large families.
where their thoughts are generated. We hear the thoughts almost before they He liked old coins because they enabled him to hold history in the palm of his
become thoughts, almost before they are clothed in words. Sometimes, reading hand and because their lntricate designs raised wonderfully complex numis-
Montaigne's Essays, we have the feeling that we are listening to the heartbeat matic problems. He liked his creature comforts, adored children, and was
of his thoughts while they are still in the womb. From pascal's pensAes rhe warm toward. women. Profoundly religious, he attacked Christianity vigor-
thoughts emerge naked, bloody, and crying at the top oftheir lungs. Sudden- ously; and, while he was sometimes mistakenly regarded as anti-Semitic, he
ness, discomfort, awkwardness, immediacy, a sound like splintering wood or celebrated Judaism fervently. Paradoxes delighted him. His wildly disorga-
breaking glass-such are the characteristics of these thoughts that spring out nized brain was attached to a body that traveled to the office as regularly as
Introduction
Introduction
made to work in the orchard and vegetable garden, carrying heavy buckets of
clockwork; he possessed all the bourgeois vices and virtues. He was "the manure and drawing water from a pond. He hated carrying the buckets
ordinary sensual man," l'homme moyen sensuel, raised to the pitch of genius.
because their weight "tore his arms apart," and he hated going to the pond
The test of genius lies in originality, the capacity to make or say completely
because he always succeeded in getting his trousers wet. He disliked his two
new things. Rozanov said new things in a new way, reshaping the Russian
older brothers and older sister because they refused to help and laughed at him.
sentence for his own purposes..He threw grammar away whenever it suited his He grew up to be an awkward, pasty-faced boy, indolent and dreamy,
purpose to do so, italicized, underlined, added quotation marks for emphasis,
without any grace of manner, who suffered terribly from loneliness, for the
spaced out words, employed diferent typographies, and in general acted as
three older children were too old for him and the two younger children were
though he were the master, not the servant, of the Russian language. He
too young, and his rather grim-faced mother showed him little afection. He
wanted the music and flavor of the human voice to rise off the page, and to
hoarded his bitterness and took refuge in his imagination. He was especially
a remarkable degree he succeeded. The music is always orchestrated, for
bitter toward a certain Voskressensky, a painter who had studied at the
Rozanov was a conscious artist who knew what he wanted to say and also the Academy of Art in St. Petersburg, came to live in the house "as a sort of
exact pitch of voice in which he wanted it said. Generally the voice is gruff,
step-father," and regarded it as one ofhis chiefduties to flog Vasily whenever
grubby, earthy, rumbling in the throat, almost visceral. One of the most
he misbehaved. Voskressensky was an authentic populist of the kind described
famous passages of The Apocalypse of Our Time describes the coming of the
by Turgenev, Dostoyevsky, and Leskov, a former seminarian and a man of
Bolshevik Revolution:
radical opinions. The widow yearned for him, and the boy was fascinated and
terrified by him.
With a clang, a creak, and a scream the iron qurtp-i4.d1op-s.g4,.Russian history In Rozanov's memory the house in Kostroma was always "dark and evil."
"The performance is over." lt was not that the house itself was dark, but the tensions accumulated, arid
The people get up from their seats.
there were always hatred and fear. There was a large vegetable garden, and
"Time to put on your coats and go home."
They look around. one of the boy's tasks was to take vegetables, raspberries, gooseberries, and
But the fur coats and the houses have all vanished. cucumbers to sell in the neighboring houses. He also sold the milk from the
family cow. He had developed a great affection for the cow, and one day, sitting
In Russian the first sentence reads: S iyazgom, skripom, visgom opuskayetsia on a hay rick, he watched in horror a butcher tying the cow's horns to a cart
nad Russkuyu Istoriyu zhele-zn-yi y.yy1esrltis impossible in English to convey and then slitting its throat. "Then the cow fell down, and I, too, fell from the
the muffied stridency of lyazgom, skripom, vizgom or the force of zheleznyi hay rick."
zanavyes, which coming at the end ofthe sentence reinforces the awful sound He was glad when the time came to go to school, at first in Kostroma and
of the curtain falling. Here, long before Winston Churchill, Rozanov had seen then in Simbirsk, nearly four hundred miles away to the southeast. He was not
,' the iron curtain, using the Russian word for "iron" as much for the sound as a very bright student, detested his teachers, and did not get along well with
, for the meaning. Even at such moments of hopeless despair Rozanov remained the other students. He read widely and was especially attracted to Buckle's
the conscious artist, and those six short sentences are wrought and shaped into History of Civilization and the works of Dmitry Pisarev, a nihilist, who wrote
poetry. Above all, he was a poet-a poet who wrote from the edge of the ?byss. about the coming victory ofscience over all things, even governments. But he
soon came to the conclusion that the materialism of Buckle and Pisarev was
ultimately meaningless, and from materialism he turned to its direct opposite:
the world of fantasies, which he discovered in the mythological stories retold
by August Griibe, in poetry, and in romantic novels. At all costs it was
Vasily Vasilievich Rozanov was born on April 20 (Old Style), 1856, in the necessary to escape from himself. Sometimes he caught sight of himself in the
mirror in the school corridor and was horrified by what he saw: a round,
small town of Vetluga in Kostroma province, the son of an obscure forester
reddish face under a bush of flaming orange hair. To add to his difficulties he
and a mother who claimed descent from the noble family of the Shishkins. The
developed a profound distaste for his name; for while Rozanov appears to an
father died when Vasily was about five years old, not long after the family
moved to Kostroma, the provincial capital. The widow was left with six American ear to possess a joyous and characteristically Russian resonance, in
children, a house, a small piece of land, and a pension of 300 rubles. The family Rozanov's ears it sounded like the name of a baker, commonplace and vulgar.
In spite of his growing self-hatred he was doing reasonably well at school.
was poor but not poverty-stricken. Vasily's earliest memories were of being
I Introduction Introduction 9
From Simbirsk he went to the gymnasium at Nizhni Novgorod, and from there offensive pupil. They called him "the goat" behind his back and enjoyed
to the University of Moscow as a student of history and philology. He com- nothing more than reducing him to a state of outraged incoherence. But the
plained that the professors taught him nothing, but this was a familiar com- pupils did not find him wholly bad. Sometimes he would abandon the cur-
pl"ittt. Ott" day, at a friend's house, he met Apollinaria Suslova, the former riculum altogether to tell them stories from the mythologies of ancient Greece
mistress of Dostoyevsky. She was a formidable wOman, quick-tempered, insati- and Egypt and the fabulous East, and they listened spellbound.
able. She had a long face, snapping eyes' a wide mouth, a firm chin, thick' Finally, in 1889, three years after the departure of Apollinaria, Rozanov
glossy black hair. She was about forty years old, but still desirable. Rozanov, found the happiness he had despaired of finding. In the small town of Yeletz
*ho *ut twenty-four and on the eve of graduating from the university, fell in the far south of Russia he met the twenty-four-year-old Yarvara Butiagina,
hopelessly in love with her, loving her all the more because she had known the daughter of a deacon. She was a widow with a five-year-old daughter,
Dostoyevsky and could tell stories about him that only she knew. She told Alexandra. Yarvara had not been educated at a university; she had no exciting
stories well and was sometimes gay and lighthearted. Rozanov married her, stories to tell; she was not chic; she was deeply religious, warm, loving, and
and almost imrnediately regretted it. Dostoyevsky had called her the "infernal sensible. Rozanov called her a moral genius, and in his diaries he refers to her
Polina," because she was fundamentally cruel and heartless, and the time as "my friend." In June l89l a friendly priest secretly blessed their union, and
would soon come when Rozanov took to calling her Katka de Medici, after thereafter they lived as man and wife. For Rozanov the long years of misery
' Catherine de M6dicis, who coldbloodedly massacred the Huguenots. Their life were now over.
together was one of unrelieved misery. Her one redeeming feature was that she In her own way Varvara was quite as formidable as the "infernal Polina."
always asked him kindly to remove his spectacles when she was about to slap If she was the "heavenly Yarvara," Rozanov was to learn that heaven has
his face. many mansions. She was understanding and forgiving, but only up to a point.
For the next six years Rozanov lived in purgatory and hell: purgatory during She was strong-minded when she observed him paying attention to other
his working hours as a provincial schoolmaster, hell when he returned to women. She sometimes read his manuscripts, which were filled with his wild
polina. There were incessant brawls. Polina expressed her dissatisfaction with theories about sex, and she would reprove him gently. The poetess Zinaida
her uncouth and undistinguished husband with vigor and passion, while Roza- Hippius remembered that she was a woman of considerable presence and a will
nov suffered in silence or exploded in helpless rage. To keep himself from going of her own.
insane, he began to write the closely reasoned philosophical work On Under- The "marriage" with Yarvara revived in Rozanov the ambition to live and
standing, designed to demonstrate the errors of positivism and agnosticism' He work in St. Petersburg, then the capital of Russia. He had spent many years
hoped the work would establish his fame or at the very least provide him with in the provinces eating his heart out; he was mortally tired of teaching school-
an important post in the government or in a university. On Understanding was children who did not want to be taught; he believed he could make a living
737 pages long and printed at his own expense in an edition of six hundred as a writer and journalist. By good fortune some of his occasional articles
copies. No one paid the slightest attention to the book. It was a catastrophic printed in conservative St. Petersburg journals had attracted the attention of
faiiure. But during the same year there occurred the first of the "happy Nikolay Strakhov, an influential critic, who had been a close friend and confi-
accidents" that from time to time interrupted the monotony of the provincial dant of Dostoyevsky's and was a close friend and confidant of Tolstoy's.
schoolmaster's life-Rozanov's wife left him. He asked for a divorce, but she Strakhov was much more than a critic: He was a trained biologist, a Slavophile,
refused to give it to him. Technically he was married to her for all the remain- an anti-Darwinist, and a philosopher. He had connections with the govern-
ing years of his life. ment, and in 1891 he was able to arrange for Rozanov to be given a minor post
H" *ur no longer in hell but remained in purgatory. He lacked the gifts of in the State Control Office in St. Petersburg at a salary of 100 rubles a month.
a schoolmaster, loathed discipline, and especially loathed giving lessons in It was not a very large salary, but it enabled him to live quietly and modestly
geography and the empty recital of the Kings of France, the rivers of South in his favorite city.
lmirica, and the capitals of Canadian provinces. Mikhail Prishvin, who Strakhov had a genuine affection for Rozanov but was disturbed by his lack
became a renowned naturalist, explorer, and storyteller and was one of his of mental discipline. Rozanov could think powerfully, but usually there was
pupils, wrofe in his memoirs about the extraordinary impression produced by a breaking point, and then his mind would go racing of at tangents. One day,
Rozanov in the classroom: red-faced, with blackened teeth, drooling at the lips, not long after his arrival in St. Petersburg, Rozanov received a photograph of
his hands jerking nervously, totally incapable of keeping a class in order, and Strakhov with the inscription "I love your talent very much, Vasily Vasilie-
sometimes using a pen or some other sharp instrument to silence a particularly vich, but I am afraid that nothing will come of it."
ri
t.
r
I
IO Introduction Introduction 11
In 1894 Rozanov published the first ofthe books that give him an enduring Gogol, in Rozanov's view, was playing a game of Grand Guignol, with imita-
claim to fame. This was his Commentary on Dostoyevsky's Legend of the Grand tion blood spilling over the stage. Dostoyevsky-and this was especially true
Inquisitor, the first concrete examination of what Dostoyevsky meant when he of the legend-was waging a real war with real blood, a real Christ, and a real
wrote "The Legend of the Grand Inquisitor," a story inserted almost by main Inquisitor.
force into the pages of The Brothers Karamazoi Rozanov discusses the legend Rozanov published the book at his own expense, and, though it was well
line by line, finding its sources in many other books by Dostoyevsky and most received, it was not a commercial success. His debts mounted, and as a result
of all in The Revelations of St. John. Today the legend is generally regarded he spent his early years in St. Petersburg in a state of tension and unhealthy
as among the greatest of Dostoyevsky's works, but it was not so in Rozanov's excitement. He continued to work in his government office, about which he
time. He was the first to point out that the legend was crucial to Dostoyevsky's rarely spoke, as though it was too terrible to talk about, and in the evenings
oeuvre and is addressed to the present time: he wrote articles for any magazine that would pay for them. His debts to the
butcher and grocer were never far from his mind.
It was the time of the Symbolist poets, with their fin de siicle refinement,
"The l-egend" is man's bitter cry when, having lost his innocence and being
fwoirtsha kheins sbiyn ,G woidth, hthee s usdtrduegnglyle roefa lliizgehst haen dis dnaorkwn eqsusi tein a hloisn es owuilt.h his weakness, oItf wCahse kah toimv'es polfa ryasp, ida nidn doufs Dtriiaalgizhailteiovn's, eomf egrrgoewncineg asso tchiael acrobnistecrio uosf neelesgs,a nacned.
To overcome this da.rkness, to help the light-this is all that man in his earthly of vigorous debate. They would say later that Russia was riding for a fall, but
wanderings can do. And this is something he must do to soothe his anguished in fact the intellectual life of Russia had never been more robust. Dmitry
conscience, which is so heavily burdened, so sick, incapable any longer ofendur- Merezhkovsky, philosopher, poet, theologian, and novelist, was one of the
ing its sufferings. A clear knowledge of the sources of this light and this darkness leading figures of the intellectual life of St. Petersburg. He was influential in
is man's best weapon in the struggle between light and darkness, in the hope that founding the St. Petersburg Religious and Philosophical Society. The society
he is not destined to be the everlasting battlefield. met twice a month, with prominent writers and intellectuals debating with
Orthodox priests and theologians on the subject of the "new religious con-
On this somber note Rozanov concluded his long discursive essay, the most sciousness." Rozanov was a frequent visitor and a very active member of the
penetrating account of Dostoyevsky's ideas that had yet appeared. He saw group. He was an impressive figure, spoke well on his feet, and invariably
Dostoyevsky as the prophet, with the Grand Inquisitor throwing his immense upheld the life-affirming energy of pre-Christian religions while denigrating
shadow on the future. By removing the legend from Seville, by examining Christian philosophy. He liked to shock, he liked to play with paradoxes, and
every word spoken by the Inquisitor, and by insisting on the relevance at the he liked to discuss the mystical aspects of sex and procreation at length and
present time of the threats posed by the "spirit of death and destruction," in great detail to the consternation of many of his sedate listeners. The priests,
Rozanov was doing a service to Dostoyevsky, to his own contemporaries, and who were skilled in argument, presented opposing views. Tempers flared. After
to those who came after him. Rozanov wrote with a sense of overwhelming denouncing Christianity, Rozanov would invite the priests to his house for a
urgency, without illusions, without in any way exaggerating the dimensions of well-cooked dinner, while the other members of the society went of to a
the legend; and yet the efect is to magnify the legend by demonstrating that fashionable restaurant.
it is not a legend at all, but the simple truth about the human condition in the The meetings of the society showed Rozanov at his best and his worst. He
last years ofthe nineteenth century and perhaps for all the foreseeable future. had the provincial's awkwardness, the intellectual's self-assurar'ce, a flair for
But Rozanov's essay is not only about Dostoyevsky and the Inquisitor- To the right word, and an equally strong flair for the expressive wrong word. He
prepare the ground, he goes back to Gogol and shows that this supreme master could be very irritating and extremely stimulating. There was a mystical streak
of Russian prose failed completely to understand the nature of the problem, in him, and he sometimes spoke as if inspired by sudden revelations. As the
because instead of portraying people of flesh and blood he contented himself years passed, he became increasingly absorbed in the subject ofsex and in the
with portraying puppets, caricatures, grotesque manikins so wonderfully symbolism of ancient Egyptian religions and the mystery religions of the
painted that they seem to be alive although they are dead. Gogol stood outside countries of the eastern Mediterranean. He was the first Russian writer to
the mainstream; he watched life passing, as though from a distance, and wrote discuss sex openly, exalting it above all the other activities of mankind as a
brilliantly about the odd, contorted characters he thought he saw. Dos- means to immortality-to the dismay of his family, who thought it was not
toyevsky, with a far greater sense of reality, described men as they are- Some a subject that needed to be discussed so frankly in newspapers and magazines.
of Rozanov's best pages are devoted to a discussion of Gogol's weaknesses. The farther Rozanov progressed with his theories on the "divinization of sex,"
12 Introduction Introduction 13
thmeo rhees ouoguhttth c eo mpoafOn ryt hopdroixet shhtees a,vb ielayr ded anddi fficultw apmsra odeceae ssbisyte hrfae c tth haetw aasl woanyg so od
batiuwshhowk eiro,ef ttehfanet heorfvs e rlya rfagmei lIifae,ssM .e rezh terwmistt hhl eo cparli eevsetwnsh ehnew absi tterlyt hCaeht utracchk ing
kovsdkeyc liamtri egdbh,ept o sstiofob rlmaeb ribdegtew peaegna nainsdm hierarchy.
Christtihaeannci,ct oyrt,doR i onzga nthobevr ,i cdoguebl efod u nidsn e axn d Moraen mdo rReo zabneogvta own r iatbeot uhEteg ypgtoidaasnd, o pting
procrbelaetsbisyote nhOd el Tde stament. thpes eudonyamf tt"ehIbrebe iasu,t"i ful bliowrnidgtt -hhdle oe wgngweadr d
Ona ltlh essueb jecrtiss-tCiJhaundiaptiaysg,ma ,n siesExmg,,y prteilain curvbienagk w atssha acttr oOe sdi Orviestr.hy e e ahreas m asasnee xdt raor
gion-Rowzadasen sopve sreartiseotluuysd a,in oudun si,n hHiebw iatnetde.d dinadreieklpny o wloeftd hgEeeg yptmiyastnre erlyi gaicocunmsu,al ated
tofo rmas yntbhueatss iysn,t phreostvioebs de s tubbroernsliyHs etw aanst . larlgieb orfab royoc kosn newcittEehgd y apntid,nh iism aginlaitviienod n
ani mmoralist awdhmoi tprhrCeeohd for uivnsidtrliotyafmu n ee rsgc eyn,t le afa buleoausstl earnwndh, et rheae n imal-ghoedwased reed a anwldai lvkei ng
nesasnp,de aHceeb .e liieCnvh erdi satniwdai nttihhts eya mfeer vboerl ieved amotnhgp ee opwlheer,ri et wuearleesv emno reel abtohraatnth eoo sfte h e
int h"eb uddinogft hlaeon tcuiEseg"ny tp tBiuantno as m.o uonftt h inking OrthoCdhouxra cnhwd,h etrhepe e olpilveie npd e rfceocntt enitnhm aernt
coublrdi tnhgCe r oasnstd h "eb uddlionttguo sg"e Cthhreirs.t ciealneity monwyi tnha tuIrnte hi.im sa gilnaahnredwy a rmed dhuirmtishnleegol nfg
bratthe"ede unfourcC hh ripsatg"a;nc ieslme btrhbaeut aden dtd h fel ower, StP.e terwsibnutrAegnr dts h.o uSguhv osroimne tpirmoetsea sgtaeidn st
thweo mabn tdh peh alWlauissct .o ncepiovsasbtilobbyr l isenu gco hp posites Rozantooveo'x sp laircgiutmc eonntcse trnhisene gx buaasloi fEs g yptian
together? relilgiihfoeneu e,sv ceern stohreeGmdo. v erncmeennstow raslshi igaphn td,
InC ommenotnDa orsyt oyLeevgseoknftyd h'G esr aInndq uisRiotzoarn ov onloyno efh is bIonto hkWeso ,ro lftd h Oeb scaunrtdeh U en cerptuabin,
wroatsaeC hrisatniidna dnhe,ere edm aiCnherdi tsaott hieean nod fh ilsi fe. lisihn1e 9d0 a1n bda soenhd i nse wspaarpteiwrca lbsea sn,nb eyod r doefr
Leamtihnhagit ys o ufnrgi FeynoddS ohrp ewraaksL utheRroazna,sn eotv thPer ocuorfta htHeoo rl y Samy onnotdh paufbtleircT ahbteai wnoa ns.
abocuotn vehrittmito nh Oger thordeolxiF goiarwo hni.tl hewe eyri en separa quiclkilfyt ed.
blIenl. a yteearRr osz asnaohivehd a fde vletcr lyo tsooen tlwymo e nS:h perk, Thaeb orrteivvoelo uf1t 9i0po5ln a Rcoezda innaoq vu andhaear dym;i red
whohmes adwa ialnytd,h p eh iloKsoonpshteLaren otniwtnhi oehmven , e ver thvei gootfrh r ee volutwihoidnleaetr eitsehtsevi iinrog l Heenr ceeg.at rhdee d
meHte.w ahse artbwrhoeSknhe pned riokef td u bericnu1 l8o9as7tti haseg e Tsagriosvte ransmt einroteu dt,w ionrcna,po afrb ulleeix ncgae sapfa tc eless
oft wentaytt- hsbeie xg,i nonfhi icnsag r aesaep rh ilosopher. bureauacnradtat hc seya ;mt ei hmeer ejoiitnc hseetd a boitfl hmieot nya rchy;
MeanwlhiiiflSneet P .e terrsebmuarign edt hbdeii klffielcmpsuot lu tn;t ing; atl eaassat ni deWailt.ht ohulete acsytn ihcefoi usnmhd i mscehlefeb roitnhg
hew atsh seo sluep poofVr atr vhaerwrai ,d omwoetdh aenrhd,e d ra ughter, sidoefts hc eo nflicatc-chleat ihemese tda bolridsiehntre h cdeo nservative
Alexaanndndro ahw,e h atdw doa ughotfhe iorsws nH .io sffi csiaallwa arsy NewT imaensid,tn hlei bpeerrailo wdriictuainlndstge,h pr es eud"oVnayrm
quiitnes uffifocrhi iensne tea dnstd,om akeen dmse ehtew rofatrte o moa ny varihnec, e"l ebtrhraeet veodl utIiwtoa nasca ormipelsue.nt teelnsyai btluea
poopralaiyrd t iHcewl reosat.be o ut eavneadrn yytththihincangatg m t eoh is tioanni,dn evihtewa abaslc yc uosfte hdce r ascsyensitcW ihseamny . o ung
mind-poalristte,rix ec,ls i,Tg oilos(ntw,oh yoh mep rofestsofe idin nds in revolurteimoinhnaidrtemyhd Ra uts wsaisaa t ienr rsitbaaltnseedo mething
ceraen)Dd,o stoy(ewvhwsoak ssyi ncpeerristoynH iecfi aerdve)ed.rl yi ttle hatdob ed onReo,z aannosvw e"rIet'dely,llo l wu h ahtat sob ed onIeif.it s
abopuotl iatnwidac qssu ictaep aobfwl rei tiifann vgoo rfap oliotnideca iya n summpeirbc,ek r arnimdea sk jea mIi.fit ws i ntderrit,nes kaw eetweintehd
anodnt hnee dxatiy an n other tnurneiwnasgrp oauapnnelddra mbahsitmi.n g jam."
Hiasr ticlesc awreeralneebd siv stia,ivn nisdgdo ,,oh neh aads mafollll owing. Hi"sm arrtioVa agrev"wa arasap rofouhnadplopyny he e;w ahsa ppiest
Hiwso rakt trtahcaett etdeo nAftl ieoSxnue vyo trhfoiern m,se erar nfpd r ovin inh i"sn ewsitth"hi c sh iladrroeuhnni dmb ,ui tnA ugu1s9t1V 0a rvfaerlal
cisaclh oolwmhaoosw tneterhdi e n flureingthitna-elww isnpNgae pTwei rm es. ilalnb de capmaerp talrya lIywtza etsdh fi.er osfmt a niyl lnTehssesh eosc.k
In1 89R9o zabneocva amc eo lumfonrti hsnete wspfraepteeo wr r,i otne droRvoez atnood ve spaanitdrh ,e rehaebf etgetarown r imtoeru er gently,
whatseuvbejrhee pc lte awsietadhh ,a ndssoamleHa irfisyn .a ntcrioaulb les morpeo werafnumdlo lrpyel, a inHteisrvu eclcyei.sl slinbveeesc saoemnsoee f
weroev eHrew. o rkfoerSd u vornienw'sspfo arpt ehnree xeti ghyteeaerns , thper incipaolfh intsoh teembetosho okmssie,s celilnwa hniihceehps u t
unttihBleo lshReevvioklp uutatine o nntd oa lplr ivnaetwes papers. togehtihisen rn ertmhoosutgh hiwtsis l,d esta ndwdrheaatmeeslv,hse eer
.
Chilcdarmeeevn e trwyyo e afirrsTs:at t itahnVeaen,r t ah,Ve anr vtahrean, wantteowd r idtoeww nh,i wcehrl ea tceorl lientc htteeh drv eoel ucmaelsl ed
VastihleyNn,a dezBhedcaah.u ews aens o lte gmaalrlryhi ehe adtd,oa dopt SolitFaarliLlaee,an v aensFd,a lLleeanvA eS se:c oBnads kCeotn.f rboyn ted
hicsh ildorredtneog r ii tvnhe e hmin sa mWeh.a mti ghhatvb ee eacn o mplex ad isatshtaetr h naepvpeern esdho-eufo trl hiivme-dwh reo atthe i bse st.
14 Introduction Introduction 15
,S uvorpiunb'lsic sohmipnapgnr yi ntthbeeod o hkasn dsoamnetdlh pyeu, b lic, Rozawnaonsvo atl oinnte h bee ltihehafetw alsi viinan nag p ocalyptic age.
buyitnhgei mnl arnguem bedriss,c oavn eerwse edn saTthiefo inrw.sa ts AlexaBnldoepkro' es"m T hTew elcveel"e btrhSaeet ceoCsno dm ionfCg h rist,
publiisn1h 9e1dt2 h,se e coinn1d 9 1a3n,td h teh iirn1d 9 15. whom arcahtte hshe e aodft hree volutais otnraawrnhigiefietsg e,u c rreo wned
Solitwhairaciphap ,e taohr asv neoc enotrec ri rcumfearneadnt fc ier st with whisteeet nh rrootsuhegbeshl inwdhiintgeo nfaes snso wst"oWrhme.n
glarnecsee mab lheosd goefps ocdagtett ehroeudgi histnfa s c,ath igohrlgya If initshhpeeo deI mw aass toniBslhowekrd o,st"oe m meo ntlhast" eWrh.y
nizaendsd e lewcotriTkvh.ede a nhcaebs e ecna recfhuolrleyo gRroazpahed. ChriIssitp t?o ssiiitbCs lh er istt?hc elB ouIstl e oro kaetidtt h cel eaIsr aewr
nokvn eewx acwthlahytew adso iwnhge hnea ssemtbhleteshdeo uagnhdt s ChriRsotz.a"n wohvod, i ndo bte litehrveee v olutwieorbneea irlniegbed ys
putth eimno rdWehra.ct o ncehrniemmdo swta tsor ettahirenh ytohflmi fe, Chrissatjw,u asstc leatrhcleoy m ionftg h Aep ocalypse.
toc olltehtceht o utghhamttos s rte vetahlleei dv vionigoc faem anH.ew as Witthh Ree volRuotziaonnlo ivaf'saes n a uthaoc ro,m mentaanttdho er ,
attemtpotd iinsgch oivmesrae nladft t, h sea mtei mheew aast temtpot ing leadjionugr noafNl eiwTis mte csa mteoa ne ndW.i thhifa sm ialnyhd i fse w
unratvhmeeyl s teorfli iefse witohfs paianrngiadutb i ssodhle utteer mination.r emaining valhuiacsbo llelseo,cfc t oiiinhoncenflsl e,utd dSo ie nrggP ioesva d,
Itw aash ereoffiocbr uttt,h hee roainstdmh aen gudiosn hop tr ecal ude as matlolwn ne atrhg er ecaetn,t urTireosi-toslad- SMeorngaisnetovetsr kyy
conscaitotuetsmo cp rte aaw toer okfa rt. farfr omM oscoHwe.ri ena t wo-shtooursye bteolafr o inegnipdnrlgiyh e es t
Nothcionmgp artaotb hleneso et ebeoxoikissnRt uss soiria nna noyt her spetnhtre e maimnoinntoghf hs i s lihfee.w roHTteherAe ep ocaolfOy uprs e
languBaagued.e lbariinreoeft'c esos l luecntdteehdrte i MtloenC oeMuirds Timweh,i wcahis s siunte hdfoe r mo fp amphfolrea pt esr oifoa db oeuitg ht
Num ovient hsea mdei rebcutctio ovnme urc lhe tsesr rEidtgoAarlryl .Pa one montuhnsth,ie bl e catmoweoe aakn tdo iolt low riatnemy o rAel.tl o gether,
decltahriaeaftdn yocnoeuw lrdi atb eo olka yhiinhsge acrotm plbeatreel,y tepna mphwleerpteus b libsahdepldry,i notnce hde paapp aenrfd u olfpl r int
hew ouhladv wer itatm eans terRpoizeacnweor.vo s tueca hb ooakn wde nt eresr'r oIrwtsa n.so itn,a nrye saeln asb eo,o akc ,o mmenotraa w royr,ok f
ont ow rittherm eoer Hee.w ono utw,h enreea ervleyr yeolhnsaeefas i led. journalIiwtsa ms. a atnt etmogp rta pwpilttehh A ep ocalbyyapm saenl iving
ing reat apnosdvp eirrtiyt ual diinass ttryoelfqse us i.et xetW rraiotridngi nary
brillaitoa nnchceae r,as nhtd e nduerrg,ea nnctdo mpasshiedo ensactrei,b ed
111 thAep ocalayshp ess aeiwa t n sde arfocrhi etcdsa uisnte hspe r ofounnidh ilism
thsawte opvteR ru ssdiuar itnhngei netceeennttauhnr idynm anfa'isl tuor e
Ont hnei gohNfto vem7b-e81r,9 1i7nS,t P .e terasrmbeurdre gv,o lutionarcomteot erwmistt hhl ei veianragtn hwd i tHhe aven.a lAhlbew,o r voweti et h
ieusn dtehrle e adeorfLs ehniaipnn Td r otastktya tchkWeei dn tPearl ace, ad espairinHgeh ipndao stshiWioensn ge..te h nea kmeadna ntdh Aep oca
overtthhrPeer wo viGsoivoenranlam needns tt,a baln ieskwhi enoddfd icta lypisnie t s naSkoeh dewn reoswtsee.e,a k f terl iwakeg eee ko,l roegciosrtd ing
torsrheimpa rfokrai btalsbe s orluutthel eOsnst nhneaistgs wh.it t,h konuotw thcer aicnkt she ea rotrahc osmolroegciosrttdh ciern agic nkt shU en iverse.
inigtt ,hw eo relndt earn eeddw i spenosfta itmaien o,en aw g Eex.a cwthlayt ThAep ocaolfyO pusrTe i miesc learrellyai tnse tdy alnedm ethtood
thnee rwu loeRfru ss isnitae tnodd oew di tthhp eo wtehrha atfad l lseoen a sily SoliatnadFr ailaLl eeanv tehso,s e earliienwr h inhcoehht aedab tooks
inttoh ehiarn wdassl arguenlkyn ofowrnt ,h ehya dn oyte dtr awunpa tempttoge rda pwpiltmeha nmyy stewrrieesstw,li itanhng g eBlutsth. ti ism e
consipsrtoegnrbtau omtn, te h iwnagks n owAnl:tl h oisdeet ahsafo tr merly hew awsr estelviemnnog rv ei goroonua ss lcyai,ln ec ommensurably greater,
preoccmuopsiRteu ds siinatne llweecratenu aatlhste otm hane e wr ulers. witagh r eaatgeotrnh yab ne forHeew. a wsr itwiinthghih se arbtl'owsoi dt,h
Rozanwohvoh, a sdp eanl ti fetpiomned etrhinena gt oufrG eo dd,e stsienxy,, alhlin se rvaelhslii, sn tellIiwtga easnst c heo.uD gohs toyweavsssu kdyd enly
freedloimdf,ee a,tt hhfae,m ilfya,mt eh,Ce h uracnhtd,h reo loefts h per iest confrownitttehhdR e e volauntwdia oasnt temipnht iipsnr go fouanndallyy ti
antdh aer tiints hte comsmuudndifoetunynl,hdy i msleilvufinndgaeg ro vern cawla yt oj ustiittf,oey x trsaocmmtee anfrionmgi tt,od iscwohvaeltra y
menhto sttioel vee ryhtehh ialndig v foerd. behitnhdot seer rible apwohciasclehye pmtteobid ecd esatcrtRosuy,si sniga ,
FoRro zanaonvfod,r m anmyi lloifoo tnhspe ero pilwtea ,as s hattering rendhieanrpg a arntrd e duhceitrnoa gs taotfme i ndleOsfsa nlRelos zsa.n ov's
experwiheonlcileny,e xpleixccaeibpntlt ee r omfas n a pocalady ipvsien,e ly wortkhsoi nsme o sctl osreelsye mDbolsetso yeNvostfkeroysm'U sn derground
inspailrteedro aftt hoiero dni lnaaworsyfl iafste h ehyae dx isfotrse omd a ny ini tcsu ricooumsb inoafst aivoanag netdre yn derness.
centuPreirehAsan.pt si chharcdio smtpe e;r hiawtpa sts h tei moeft hLea st Av istioSt eorrg Pioesva d hfoiusmnt dr ancghealnaygl emdou,sn tr ecogniz
Judgmpeenrth;ta hpheso noarnmsdi seorfti hepesr esweenrtteh p er ecursors ablHeew. a osn lsyi xtyb-ulttow ookl eiadkm eu cohl dmearnt ,h ainngd a unt,
ofaf ulalnendro bllietfrhe wa otu sludd dbeenr leyv eaaftleaepr de roiffoi de ry worno ubty h issu fferHiinwsgi sfw.ea v se riylh li;ts w doa ughTtaetrisa na
triaanltdsr ibulations. anNda dezwhedrwaeo rkaishn ogu semianti hcdeis st oty h tahtec yo ublrdi ng
Introduction Introduction 17
16
daughltievorenosd,n dey iinntg h1 e9 4a0nso,t ihnteh 1re9 5a0nsTd,a tiana,
al itmtolnete oyt h faem ilayn;o tdhaeurg hVteerhraa,,ed n teanr uendn ery;
theel dseusrtv,ui nvt1ei9dl7 h 5a,v liinvgte hdr oaul gohnp ge roifeo xdi le.
anhdi sso Vna,s ihlabyde, ec no nscirnittphotae er dmH ye.h ando r egular
Rozadnioevbd ul,ti aklegl e nihuews eensot nl ivTihnAegp .o caolfy pse
incoamtae la ln wda sso metriemdeustc ope idc kuipcn igg abruettottrse
hitsi miesa lstohA ep ocaloyfop ustrei mfoer,w el iuvned tehrse a me
beggagi lnagos fts efr ao ma fribeonodklsyNe elvleerrth.hew e alisen stse llec
dispenHsesa atiwiwt oh ne.nf iibrtus rtus ptot nhw eo ralndwd r oatbeo ut it
tuaallletyra tl,ek neddl aebsosDulotys toyaenvadsb kohyui ots w tnh eories
freshalncydl eawnhliyl,e sottahmemreZsri endaH.ii dpaps iauiosfdt his
concetrhAnepi oncga laynppdr soetv,obe e dac harhmoisnTtgh. ew raevs e ry
wor"kH,e irRseo zaonnocmveo raelo,lfh imh,iv so ihcisesp, e eacnfohdr,
litteot alHtei. rs o omss hwaebHrbeecy o.m ploatfi hnceeo dlY det.th vei sitor
thotseer rtiibmalebeso ,wu hti wcehh a ndo thtiosn aghy efo, u ntdh weo rds."
hatdh iem pretshshaietwo anps r ofouhnadplbpyuy b,b olviwenirgt e hx cite
Int hwiashy e b ecoomuecrso ntemporary.
menwti,ta kh e edne stiolr ieav nead k eeinn teirnpe esotpI lnfae c.ht ew as
dyiannghd a odn lafy e mwo rmeo ntthols i ve.
ROBERPTA YNE
Byt hseu mmoef1r9 1iw8ta nsol onpgoesrs tiopb rloedt uhpceae m phlets:
thewraens o m onteoyp r itnhteR mo.z acnoonvt itnowu reildte et ttohe irss
friuennthdiesbl e capmaer tpiaarlalliyynt zh weeid n Ttheerw.ye reen tertain
inlge ttfuelorlfhs i,rs e miniasnchdei ntsch eesoa rbioetushtc e o miangge ,
whelni fe wboemu olrvdei goarnocdul so tsone art tuhraiehnt a edv beere n
anadlt lhp er espsrionbgol hfe imtssi wmoeu blerd e soHlevs eede.mi endd eed
toh avree acahtle adass tt aotfee q uiliablrmiooufsacm t o, n tenfotrmeent,
shadoiwnte hldea psatg oefTs h Aep ocaolypOfs uer TOinom neoe.fh ilsa st
vistioMt oss ciontw h,ae u tuomf1n 9 1h8ea, c coasp taesds ientr hbseyt reet
and "sDasoih do,mw ep ,l eaar seela,ilB v oel shIes hvoivukel.mrd uy c lhi ke
tos eoen eT.a"k teotn h Meo scSoowv hiees ta,i" dS,h moewt hhee aodft he
BolsheviokrTs r-oLteIsna kimyna . w fulilnyt erIea smRt oezda.nt ohve,
monarchist."
Hew enbta ctkoS ergPioesvha dis,si wcikfe t,hc eo ltdhm,ei seHriys.
colleocfct oiihonansvds a niIshth aebdde :es nt ofrloemhn i omn dea wyh ile
hew awsa itfoiran t gr aIinJn a.n ukanroyw,ti hnhagetw adsy ianngtd o iol l
tow rihtede i,c ttaoNt aedde zahfa drae wleelttltoh e irs frmieenntdiso,n ing
thebmyn amsep,e aokfhi ingsgr elaotfov ret heamn,bd e ggtihnepgia rr don
fora nsyi hnesh acdo mmiatgtaeitdnh seatmn ,hd e p artimceunltairolnye d
VicKthoorv wihnho,a hde lhpietmdop riTnhAtep ocaolyOfpu sTrei maen,d
DmitMreyr ezhkaonhvdis wski yfZ ei,n aHiidpap ius.
Onh idse athhebb eedc afmienr aelcloyn tcoti hlCeeh du racnhhd,e d ied
comforbtyte hsdea craImnednetheserd. e, p eaatsekfoderltd yh s ea craments
anrde cetihvleea sdsa tc rafomuetrni tme exst,r uenmceto inocanen ,td h ree
timtehpser ayfoertr hsde y iwnegrr ee aodv ehri mH.eh asda liodna ggi on
FallLeena v"eIss h,ad liilent hCeh urocfch o,u rosfce o;u Irn seeet dh e
Churicnhc ompmaorrtaehb allniy t e(rdIao tnun'reteel di teartaa ltalun)rd;e
thcel eirasgf yta eldrle atrome ert haanlt lhr ee sHte.d i"ep de aceofunl ly
Febr5u1,a9 r1ya9 n,wd a bsu riinte hdCe h erniMgoonvasskctyle obrsytye h e
Troitsa-MSoenragsiteevrsyk.y
Varvtahrmeao ,t hoefhr ic sh ilsdurrevnhi,iv bmey md o rteh afonuy re ars.
Hidsa ugVhetretarhn, eu nh,a ngheedrs sheolraftf lthyeid rse aatnhad,b out
thsea mtei mheis so Vna,s idliyeo,dft hSep anfilsTuhh.t e h rreeem aining
