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THE APE
AND THE CHILD
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THE APE
AND THE CHILD
A STUDY
OF ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE
UPON EARLY BEHAVIOR
by
W. N. KELLOGG
Associate Professor of Psychology,
Indiana University
and
L. A. KELLOGG
(Facsimile of the 1933 edition)
HAFNER PUBLISHING COMPANY
NEW YORK and LONDON
1967
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Originally published 1933
Reprinted 1967
Printed and published by
HAFNER PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC.
31 East 10th Street
New York, N.Y. 10003
Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number: 67-23629
© Copyright 1933, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.
New York and London
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced
without permission of the publisher
Printed in U.S.A.
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To 7)
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Preface
/T was in 1927 that the general plan for the investiga-
tion reported in these pages was first evolved. The
idea was then entirely new to us, although a subse-
quent review of the scientific literature and discussion
of the proposed research with colleagues and associates
showed that studies of a similar type had previously
been thought of but apparently never completed. For
some time after our initial interest in the problem we
made no definite progress towards carrying it out.
Indeed the enthusiasm of one of us met with so much
resistance from the other that it appeared likely we
could never come to an agreement upon whether or not
we should even attempt such an undertaking.
At length, through the stimulation and encourage-
ment of Professor J. Robert Kantor of Indiana Uni-
versity, we made tentative inquiries about the physical
possibilities of a venture of this sort. Then at once the
extreme difficulty of procuring an anthropoid ape suffici-
ently young to make the research feasible became
apparent. In the effort to solve this difficulty we were
led to consider attaching ourselves to the expedition of
a well-known explorer which was about to visit Sumatra,
the home of the orang-utan. When this proved impos-
sible because of the financial requirements, the question
of purchasing a subject from the wild-animal importers
was investigated. Finally we tried to borrow or buy a
suitable specimen from one or another of the large
zoological societies, but again without success. Had
we at that time any knowledge of the personal depriva-
tions to be demanded by the undertaking, it is doubtful
if we would have persisted further in the endeavor to
bring it about.
ix
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PREFACE
The performance of the research work itself was
largely dependent in the present instanceas is oftne
the case in scientific studyupon the cooperation and
sponsorship of many individuals and institutions.
The financial needs of the project were met by a fellow-
ship grant from the Social Science Research Council
of New York City. Our obligations to this organization
are manifest. We are indebted in no lesser measure to
Professor Robert M. Yerkes of Yale University for the
loan of a baby chimpanzee from Yale's Anthropoid
Experiment Station at Orange Park, Florida, for per-
mission to use the facilities of the Station, for comments
and suggestions as the work progressed, and for assist-
ance in securing the necessary fellowship grant. Our
further obligations to Dr. and Mrs. Otto L. Tinkle-
paugh of Yale University for constant aid and encour-
agement during the progress of the study are so
deep-rooted that we cannot hope to repay them by this
meager acknowledgment.
Without the additional aid of Professor Robert S.
Woodworth and Professor Albert T. Poffenberger of
Columbia University, and of President William Lowe
Bryan and Professor William F. Book of Indiana
University, all of whom lent their influence in obtaining
the backing of the Social Science Research Council,
the financing of the undertaking would have remained
uncertain. Thanks are likewise extended to Dr. Carlyle
F. Jacobsen and to his wife, Dr. Marion M. Jacobsen
of Yale, for assistance in preparing written records and
in administering the Gesell tests; to Dr. Joseph G.
Yoshioka of Yale for direction with the anthropometric
measurements and for help in other ways; to Mrs.
Helen S. Morford of Yale for assistance with steno-.
graphic and recording details; and particularly to
Mr. William C. Atwater, superintendent of the Experi-
ment Station, for willing and continuous cooperation
throughout the entire period of the research.
x
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PREFACE
Professor J. Robert Kantor and Professor Roland C.
Davis, our friends and colleagues at Indiana University,
are others to whom we owe a debt of gratitude; to the
former for his enthusiasm about the possibilities of the
undertaking as well as for his reading of the manuscript;
to the latter for careful reading and rereading of our
questionable efforts at composition and for valuable
criticism and corrections during the work upon the
final copy.
We are grateful also to the editor of the zimerican
Journal of Psychology for permission to reprint a portion
of the material in Chapter I, which originally appeared
as a note in that periodical; and to the editor of the
Psychological Review for permission to adapt some of the
discussion in the same chapter from an article published
under the title of "Humanizing the ape" in 1931.
It has been our aim in the preparation of the book to
simplify the treatment so as to make the account suit-
able and interesting for the lay reader. We have hoped
result without the sacrifice of
to accomplish this
scientific accuracy or the elimination of any essential
details. But it has often been necessary in such an
endeavor to omit specific reference to published articles
where credit would properly have been given in a more
technical discussion. There can be little doubt, more-
.
over, that in certain instances the actual source of the
material we have used, or perchance misused, is lost
even to ourselves. For such errors and omissions we
apologize and acknowledge as well as we are able in
this blanket fashion a debt to many unnamed authors.
W. N. KELLOGG.
L. A. KELLOGG.
BLOOMINGTON, INDIANA,
May, 1933.
XI
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Contents
PAGE
PREFACE
Ix
CHAPTER I
AN EXPERIMENT OUTLINED
3
CHAPTER II
20
SOME BASIC SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES
CHAPTER HI
HEALTH, EATING, AND SLEEPING
38
CHAPTER
IV
54
DEXTERITY, ARM MOVEMENTS, AND WALKING
. . . .
CHAPTER V
THE SENSES
88
CHAPTER VI
II9
PLAY
CHAPTER VII
SOCIAL AND AFFECTIONATE BEHAVIOR
146
CHAPTER VIII
168
EMOTIONAL BEHAVIOR
Xiii
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CONTENTS
Ewa
CHAPTER IX
188
LEARNING
CHAPTER X
231
MEMORY AND RECOGNITION
CHAPTER XI
244
INTELLIGENT BEHAVIOR
CHAPTER XII
COMMUNICATION AND LANGUAGE
275
CHAPTER XIII
CONCLUSION
307
REFERENCES FOR FURTHER READING
329
DATES OF TRIALS OF PRINCIPAL TESTS AND EXPERIMENTS 335
INDEX
337
XIV
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