The antibodies. / Volume 5

241 Pages·1999·18.45 MB·English

by  Zanetti

THE ANTIBODIES
Volume 5
THE ANTIBODIES
Volume 5
Edited by
Maurizio Zanetti, MD
University of California
San Diego
and
J.Donald Capra, MD
Oklahoma Medical Research foundation
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
harwood academic publishers
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
The antibodies
Vol. 5
1. Immunoglobulins 2. Immunology
I. Zanetti, Maurizio II. Capra, J.Donald, 1937–
616.(cid:0)0798
ISBN 0-203-30499-3 Master e-book ISBN
ISBN 0-203-34301-8 (Adobe eReader Format)
ISBN 90-5702-589-2 (Print Edition)
CONTENTS
Preface v
Preface: Volume 5 vii
List of Contributors ix
1 The Evolution of MAbs from Research Reagents to Mainstream Commercial Therapeutics 1
Roland Newman and Thomas Ryskamp
2 Fc Receptors 37
Marc Daëron
3 Monoclonal Antibodies in Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Therapy of Human Carcinomas: Clinical 1 04
Impact 20 Years Later
M.I.Colnaghi, S.Canevari, and S.Ménard
4 Expression of the Immunoglobulin Lambda Locus in the Mouse 1 28
Pierre SanchezSoulef Hachemi-RachediPierre BoudinotPierre-André Cazenave
5 Structural Bases of Light Chain-Related Pathology 1 48
Fred J.Stevens, Deborah T.Weiss, and Alan Solomon
Index 1 90
Index to Volume 1 1 98
Index to Volume 2 2 11
Index to Volume 3 2 17
Index to Volume 4 2 25
Contents of Previous Volumes 1 86
PREFACE
Immunology is a discipline just over a century old that has played a central role in medicine and, more
recently, in the biomedical sciences. Immunology has often been referred to as “imperialistic” for its
tendency to spread to other biomedical fields like no other discipline. A myriad of publications have
continually documented the incredible series of discoveries in this field. During times when many areas of
immunology have undergone a formidable revolution, antibodies have always been central to any major
progress in the field. From the pioneering work of von Behring and Kisatato at the end of the last century
through the seminal experiments of Bordet, Ehrlich, Landsteiner, Oudin and Kunkel, just to name a few,
and the conceptualizations of Burnet and Jerne, antibodies have dominated the scene. During the last two
decades such major breakthroughs as the advent of monoclonal antibodies and the development of new
techniques of antibody engineering have kept antibodies in the forefront of immunology and medical
science. From diagnostic tools to vehicles for modern therapy against cancer, infections and autoimmune
diseases, the study of antibodies has attracted a multitude of scientists.
While the race for better molecules for diagnosis and therapy is still on, it is evident that our knowledge of
antibodies—their properties and structural characteristics—is still incomplete. Antibody genes and their
regulation, intracellular assembly and secretion, antigen binding properties, effector function and immunity
represent just a few of the topics that continue to be investigated using the tools of molecular biology, cell
biology, immunochemistry, X-ray crystallography and computer-aided three-dimensional modeling. New
technological developments now afford exploration of new areas of study and medical application for
antibodies.
With The Antibodies, it is our intent to provide the scientific community with its first platform for a
comprehensive review of topics of contemporary interest for specialists in this area. At the same time, we
will take the opportunity to revisit more traditional aspects of the field so that relevant information and
concepts are maintained in parallel with the more modern aspects. While the work ahead can be viewed
with a sense of optimism and excitement, we do not underestimate the task that it will take to cover all areas
of interest.
We extend our gratitude and thanks to all our colleagues who accepted our invitation to contribute their
views and work, and who have made this volume a reality. We hope this collective effort will continue,
contributing to keeping the field alive and exciting, and finding a legitimate identity in the immunological
literature.
Maurizio Zanetti, MD
University of California
San Diego
J.Donald Capra, MD
University of Texas
vi
Southwestern Medical Center
Dallas
PREFACE
Volume 5
The Antibodies, we feel, is now launched. This volume represents the fifth in a series that began in 1995,
and has since been issued at the rate of one or two volumes per year. With volume 6 being delivered to the
editors, and volume 7 committed, what was once an idea has become a reality. These volumes will continue
as long as the field of antibodies is productive and fruitful, a period that should extend into the distant
future.
In chapter 1, Roland Newman and Thomas Ryskamp provide a very comprehensive analysis of the
movement of a monoclonal antibody from the laboratory into the clinic. Few of us would have predicted the
difficulties that monoclonals have had bridging that gap, or how long it would take. Drs. Newman and
Ryskamp provide a clear road map, discussing issues that are often not found in the same review:
expression vectors and market reality! The decision tree analysis for monoclonal antibodies (Figure 7) will
likely become a commonly shown illustration for the foreseeable future.
Marc Daëron in chapter 2 provides a global review of the field of Fc receptors. His pioneering work in
this area is well recognized. It is now known that many of the effector functions of antibodies are mediated
through their binding to Fc receptors. The advances in this area have been dramatic. For many years
immunologists have appreciated the role of Fc receptors in facilitating phagocytosis and in complement
activation. Newer information concerns the molecules of the Fc receptors themselves and the intercellular
molecules they interact with. Additionally, the discovery of “activation” and “inhibitory” receptors has
opened whole new areas of investigation. This extensive review will be welcomed by all investigators
wishing to have all this contemporary information in one place.
In chapter 3, Drs. Ines Colnaghi, Silvana Canevari and Silvie Ménard present a specific example of the
impact of monoclonal antibodies: the diagnosis and treatment of human cancer. Their review provides a
retrospective analysis of where the field has been and where it is today. They emphasize the shear
magnitude of the problem: large tumor masses, complicated blood supplies, multiple locations (metastases),
and so on. Perhaps we need to appreciate the distance we have traveled.
Chapters 4 and 5 are devoted to a detailed analysis of the specific antibody system of mouse lambda and
human kappa. These two loci are at the extremes of complexity. The mouse lambda locus consists of only a
few genes, whereas the human kappa locus consists of many genes. Drs. Pierre-André Cazenave et al.
(chapter 4) and Alan Solomon et al. (chapter 5) provide timely reviews of the nomenclature, genomic
organization and expression in each system. As to the role of light chains in causing disease in humans,
chapter 5 provides a detailed structure/function analysis.
We thank our colleagues for their timely delivery of manuscripts. Special thanks go out to Sally Cheney
and Tim Oliver for their professionalism, and to our many readers, who have contributed to the success of
this series.
Maurizio Zanetti, MD
viii
University of California
San Diego
J.Donald Copra, MD
Oklahoma Medical
Research Foundation
Oklahoma City
CONTRIBUTORS
Pierre Boudinot, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
Silvana Canevari, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
Pierre-André Cazenave, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
Ines Colnaghi, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori Milan, Italy
Marc Daëron, Institut Curie, Paris, France
Soulef Hachemi-Rachedi, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
Silvie Ménard, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
Roland Newman, IDEC Pharmaceuticals Corporation, San Diego, California
Thomas Ryskamp, IDEC Pharmaceuticals Corporation, San Diego, California
Pierre Sanchez, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
Alan Solomon, University of Tennessee, Knoxville
Fred J.Stevens, University of Tennessee, Knoxville
Deborah T.Weiss, University of Tennessee, Knoxville