Table Of ContentContents
List of figures ...........................................................................................................................................................6
List of plates..............................................................................................................................................................11
List of tables...................... 13
Summary......................................................................................................................................................................15
Preface ........................................................................................................................................................................16
Acknowledgements...................................................................................................................................................16
Abbreviations .................................................................................................................................... .....................17
1 Introduction
1.1 Background to the report by Birte Brugmann..................................................................................19
1.1.1 The publication as a backlog project..................................................................................19
1.1.2 Finglesham in the Hawkes Archive ....................................................................................19
1.1.3 Deposition of human bones, grave goods and further archive material......................20
1.1.4 Unpublished post-excavation work on Finglesham ........................................................20
1.1.5 Editorial notes.........................................................................................................................20
1.1.6 Finglesham in the context of current research.................................................................21
1.2 Excavations at Finglesham by Keith Parfitt......................................................................................22
1.2.1 Discovery and history of the site ........................................................................................23
1.2.1.1 Work by W.P.D. Stebbing and W. Whiting, 1928-29 ..................................................... 23
1.2.1.2 Work by Sonia Chadwick Hawkes, 1958-1967 ........................................... 25
1.2.2 Site location and geology....................... 27
1.2.3 Methods of excavation, 1959-1967 .................................................................................. 28
1.2.4 General description of the cemetery....................................................................................28
1.2.5 Anglo-Saxon Finglesham in its local setting......................................................................31
1.2.6 The site today .........................................................................................................................32
2 The inventory by Guy Grainger and Sonia Chadwick Hawkes with Esther Cameron,
Elisabeth Crowfoot, Bernard Denston, Mary Harman, Shirley Jarman,
Catherine Mortimer, V.R. Rickard, Mark Robinson, Mark Pollard, Jacqui Watson
and Paul Wilthew...............................................................................................................................................33
2.1 Graves excavated between 1959 and 1967 by Sonia Chadwick Hawkes....................................33
2.2 The barrow ditches .................................................................................................................. 157
2.3 Post-holes and hollows not obviously associated with ditches....................................................160
2.3.1 Post-holes.................................................................................................................................160
2.3.2 Hollows........................................................................................................... 162
3 The skeletal remains by Guy Grainger and Bernard Denston with Sonia Chadwick
Hawkes and Shirley Jarman .........................................................................................................................313
3.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................^............................313
3.2 Age and sex............................................................................................................\...........................323
3.3 Normality of sample ............................................................................................................................324
3.4 Sub-adult mortality..............................................................................................................................324
3
3.5 Stature ...................................................................................................................................................325
3.6 Non-metrical variants .........................................................................................................................326
3.7 Dental traits............................................................................................................................................326
3.7.1 Congenitally missing/impacted teeth ...............................................................................326
3.7.2 Retained deciduous teeth....................................................................................................327
3.7.3 Occlusion................................................................................................................................327
3.7.4 Other dental traits................................................................................................................327
3.8 Non-dental traits...................................................................................................................................328
3.8.1 Wormian bones .....................................................................................................................328
3.8.2 Inca bones ..............................................................................................................................328
3.8.3 Metopism.................................................................................................................................328
3.8.4 Parietal notch bones..............................................................................................................328
3.8.5 Cranial tori ............................................................................................................................329
3.8.6 Supra orbital notches and foramina (and lacrimal notch) ..........................................329
3.8.7 Parietal foramina..................................................................................................................329
3.8.8 Post-cranial traits...................................................................................................................329
3.9 Pathology.................................................................................................................................................329
3.9.1 Dental pathology..................................................................................................................329
3.9.1.1 Dental caries ........................................................................................................................329
3.9.1.2 Periodontal disease...............................................................................................................331
3.9.1.3 Dental calculus......................................................................................................................331
3.9.1.4 Dental hypoplasia ...............................................................................................................331
3.9.1.5 Dental abscesses....................................................................................................................332
3.9.2 Non-dental pathology ........................................................................................................332
3.9.2.1 Osteoarthritis and Schmorl’s nodes ..................................................................................332
3.9.2.2 Trauma ..................................................................................................................................333
3.10 Appendix: Description of skeletal remains......................................................................................333
4 Textiles by Elisabeth Crowfoot with D.R Cutler ..................................................................................357
4.1 Fibres .....................................................................................................................................................357
4.2 Spinning...................................................................................................................................................357
4.3 Weaves.....................................................................................................................................................357
4.3.1 Tabby weaves.........................................................................................................................357
4.3.2 Twill weaves .........................................................................................................................359
4.3.3 Tablet-weaves..........................................................................................................................360
4.3.4 Costume details.....................................................................................................................360
5 Analysis of non-ferrous metals by Paul Wilthew.....................................................................................371
5.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................................371
5.2 Results and discussion .......................................................................................................................371
5.2.1 Copper alloy objects ...........................................................................................................371
5.2.2 Silver objects ..........................................................................................................................373
6 X-ray fluorescence analysis of two copper alloy bowls from Graves 203 and 204
by Catherine Mortimer.................................................................................................................................381
7 Analysis of the chemical composition of some glass beads by Paul Wilthew...................................383
7.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................................383
7.2 Results and discussion..........................................................................................................................383
7.2.1 Colour.....................................................................................................................................383
7.2.1.1 Green and turquoise beads........................................... 389
4
7.2.1.2 Blue beads .............................................................................................................................390
7.2.1.3 White beads..........................................................................................................................390
7.2.1.4 Yellow beads .........................................................................................................................390
7.2.1.5 Red and orange beads ........................................................................................................391
7.2.1.6 Other beads...........................................................................................................................391
7.2.2 Opacity ...................................................................................................................................392
7.2.3 Zinc..........................................................................................................................................393
7.2.4 Titanium ................................................................................................................................393
7.2.5 Decolourants .........................................................................................................................394
8 Report on the analysis of some pottery by Mike Cowell.......................................................................395
8.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................................395
8.2 Material and analysis.............................................................................................................................395
8.3 Results and dataa nalysis......................................................................................................................396
8.4 Summary.................................................................................................................................................398
9 Preliminary report on the examination of the two potsherds from Finglesham
by Ian Freestone ............................................................... 399
Plates...........................................................................................................................................................................400
Bibliography.............................................................................................................................................................427
Index...........................................................................................................................................................................433
5
Figures
Chapter 1
1.1 Maps showing the location of the Finglesham cemetery site........................................................24
1.2 Finglesham. General plan of the site showing the methods of excavation employed
in different seasons .................................................................................................................................26
1.3 Finglesham cemetery. General site plan................................................................................................29
Chapter 2
2.1 Finglesham. Plans of Graves 1, 2, 3 and 4 ..........................................................................................163
2.2 Finglesham. Plans of Graves 6, 7, 8 and 9 ..........................................................................................164
2.3 Finglesham. Plans of Graves 10, 11, 12, 13 and 15.........................................................................165
2.4 Finglesham. Plans of Graves 16 (with detail) and 18 (with detail) .............................................166
2.5 Finglesham. Plans of Graves 20 (with detail) and 21.......................................................................167
2.6 Finglesham. Plans of Graves 22 (with detail), 23 and 25................................................................168
2.7 Finglesham. Plans of Graves 26, 28, 30, 31 and 33.........................................................................169
2.8 Finglesham. Plans of Graves 32, 34, 35, 38A and B .......................................................................170
2.9 Finglesham. Plans of Graves 39, 40, 41, 44 and 46.........................................................................171
2.10 Finglesham. Plans of Graves 43, 45, 47B, 48, 49, 51 and 54 .......................................................172
2.11 Finglesham. Plans of Graves 50, 52, 53 and 55................................................................................173
2.12 Finglesham. Plans of Graves 56 (with detail) and 58 (with detail) ..............................................174
2.13 Finglesham. Plans of Grave 57 (with detail) .....................................................................................175
2.14 Finglesham. Plans of Graves 59 (with detail) and 60.......................................................................176
2.15 Finglesham. Plans of Graves 61 (with detail) and 62A+B (with detail) .............................. 177
2.16 Finglesham. Plans of Graves 63, 64, 65, 66, 65, 68 (with detail) and 69 ...................................178
2.17 Finglesham. Plans of Graves 66, 67, 71 and 72................................................................................179
2.18 Finglesham. Plans of Graves 73, 74, 75, 76, 77 and 78 ................................................................180
2.19 Finglesham. Plans of Graves 79, 80, 81, 84 and 85.........................................................................181
2.20 Finglesham. Plans of Graves 82 (with detail) and 87.......................................................................182
2.21 Finglesham. Plans of Graves 83, 86, 88 and 90................................................................................183
2.22 Finglesham. Plans of Graves 89, 91, 92 and 93................................................................................184
2.23 Finglesham. Plans of Graves 94 and 96 (with detail).......................................................................185
2.24 Finglesham. Plans of Grave 95 (with detail) .....................................................................................186
2.25 Finglesham. Plans of Graves 97, 99 and 100.....................................................................................187
2.26 Finglesham. Plans of Graves 98, 101, 102, 103, 104 and 105 ................................ 188
2.27 Finglesham. Pldns of Graves 106, 107, 108 and 109................. 189
2.28 Finglesham. Plans of Graves 110, 111, 112 and 114.......................................................................190
2.29 Finglesham. Plans of Graves 113, 115 and 116................................................................................191
2.30 Finglesham. Plans of Graves 117, 118, 119 and 121.......................................................................192
2.31 Finglesham. Plans of Graves 120 (with detail), 122 and 123.........................................................193
2.32 Finglesham. Plans of Graves 124 (with detail) and 125..................................................................194
2.33 Finglesham. Plans of Graves 126, 127 and 128.................................................................................195
2.34 Finglesham. Plans of Graves 129, 130 and 132 (with detail).........................................................196
2.35 Finglesham. Plans of Graves 131, 133, 134, 135 and 136..............................................................197
6
2.36 Finglesham. Plans of Graves 137, 138, 139 and 141.......................................................................198
2.37 Finglesham. Plans of Grave 138 (detail) ............................................................................................199
2.38 Finglesham. Plans of Graves 140, 143, 144 and 145......................................................................200
2.39 Finglesham. Plan of Grave 145 (detail) .............................................................................................201
2.40 Finglesham. Plans of Graves 146, 147, 148 and 149......................................................................202
2.41 Finglesham. Plans of Graves 150 and 151.........................................................................................203
2.42 Finglesham. Plans of Graves 152, 153 and 154................................................................................204
2.43 Finglesham. Plans of Graves 155, 156, 158 and 159......................................................................205
2.44 Finglesham. Plans of Graves 157 (with detail), 161 and 162 ............................ 206
2.45 Finglesham. Plans of Graves 160, 163 and 164...............................................................................207
2.46 Finglesham. Plans of Graves 165, 166, 167 and 168 ..................................................................... 208
2.47 Finglesham. Plans of Graves 169 (with detail), 170 and 171........................................................209
2.48 Finglesham. Plans of Grave 174 (with detail) ..................................................................................210
2.49 Finglesham. Plans of Graves 175, 176, 177, 178 and 179...............................................................211
2.50 Finglesham. Plans of Grave 180 (with detail) ..................................................................................212
2.51 Finglesham. Plans of Graves 181, 182 and 183................................................................................213
2.52 Finglesham. Plans of Graves 184, 185, 186, 188 and 189........................................ 214
2.53 Finglesham. Plans of Graves 187, 190, 191, 193 and 194............................. 215
2.54 Finglesham. Plans of Graves 192 (with detail), 195 and 196.......................................................216
2.55 Finglesham. Plans of Graves 197 and 198 (with detail)..................................................................217
2.56 Finglesham. Plans of Graves 199, 201 and 202 (with detail)..........................................................218
2.57 Finglesham. Plans of Grave 200 (with detail) ..................................................................................219
2.58 Finglesham. Plans of Grave 203 (with detail) ..................................................................................220
2.59 Finglesham. Plans of Grave 204 ....................................................................................................... 221
2.60 Finglesham. Plans of Graves 205, 206, 207 and 208......................................................................222
2.61 Finglesham. Plans of Graves 209, 210, 211 and 212......................................................................223
2.62 Finglesham. Plans of Graves 213 (with detail), 214, 215 and 216 .............................................224
2.63 Finglesham. Plans of Ditches 1 and 2 and of Postholes 1 and 3 .................................................225
2.64 Finglesham. Plans of Ditches 3 and 4 and of Posthole 1 1 .............................................................226
2.65 Finglesham. Plans of Ditches 5 and 6 and of Postholes 12 and 13 .............................................227
2.66 Finglesham. Plans of Ditches 7 and 8 and of Postholes 20, 21, 22 and 23 ................................228
2.67 Finglesham. Plans of Ditches 9 and 10, Hollow 6 and Posthole 24..............................................229
2.68 Finglesham. Plans of Ditches 11 and 12 ............................................................................................230
2.69 Finglesham. Plans of Postholes 2 and 5 and of Hollows 5 and 7 .................................................231
2.70 Finglesham. Colour key for polychrome beads ...............................................................................232
2.71 Finglesham. Finds from Graves 1, 3 and 6. Scale 1:1: 1.1, 1.3, 3.1, 6.3, 6.4, 6.6.
Scale 1:2: 1.2, 6.2, 6.5. Scale 1:4: 6.1..............................................................................................233
2.72 Finglesham. Finds from Grave 7. Scale 1:1: 7.6.5-9, 7.7. Scale 1:2: 7.1, 7.2, 7.5,
6.1- 4; 8.1-3 ....................................................................................................................................234
2.73 Finglesham. Finds from Grave 7 (cont.). Scale 1:1..........................................................................235
2.74 Finglesham. Finds from Grave 8. Scale 1:1: 8.3, 8.6, 8.7, 8.10, 8.11. Scale 1:2:
8.1, 8.2, 8.4, 8.5, 8.8, 8.13.................................................................................................................236
2.75 Finglesham. Finds from Grave 8 (cont.) and 9. Scale 1:1: 9.4. Scale 1:2: 8.9, 8.12,
9.1- 3 ............................................................................................................................... 237
2.76 Finglesham. Finds from Graves 13, 15 and 19. Scale 1:1: 13.3.2, 15.3, 15.6.
Scale 1:2: 13.1, 13.2, 13.3.1, 15.1, 15.2, 15.4, 15.5, 19.1 ........................................................238
2.77 Finglesham. Finds from Graves 16 and 20. Scale 1:1: 16.1-3, 20.2, 20.5, 20.6.
Scale 1:2: 20.1, 20.3, 20.4 ..................................................................................^............................239
2.78 Finglesham. Finds from Grave 18. Scale 1:1: 18.1. Scale 1:2: 18.2 . . . ...............................240
2.79 Finglesham. Finds from Graves 21B and 22. Scale 1:1: 21B.1, 22.1. Scale 1:2:
21B.2, 21.B.3, 22.2 ................................................................................................................................241
7
2.80 Finglesham. Finds from Grave 22 (cont.). Scale 1:2: 22.2, 22.3.1. Scale 1:3: 22.3.2 .... 242
2.81 Finglesham. Finds from Grave 25. Scale 1:1: 25.1-3. Scale 1:2: 25.4-8 .............................. 243
2.82 Finglesham. Finds from Grave 25 (cont.). Scale 1:1 ...............................................................244
2.83 Finglesham. Finds from Graves 30, 31 and 32. Scale 1:1: 30.1, 30.2, 31.1—3, 32.1,
32.2. Scale 1:2: 30.3, 31.4-6 ........................................................................................................... 245
2.84 Finglesham. Finds from Graves 33 and 34. Scale 1:1: 33.2, 34.2, 34.3. Scale 1:2:
33.1, 34.1, 34........................................................................................................................................246
2.85 Finglesham. Finds from Graves 35, 37, 38B, 41 and 44. Scale 1:1: 35.1, 35.6, 37.1,
41.1.44.1, Scale 1:2: 35.2-5, 38B.1, 41.2, 44.2 .........................................................................247
2.86 Finglesham. Finds from Graves 45, 50, 51, 52, 53 and 54. Scale 1:1: 45.1; 50.1;
51.2; 54.1. Scale 1:2: 45.2; 50.2; 51.1; 53.1; 54.2 .......................................................................248
2.87 Finglesham. Finds from Grave 56. Scale 1:1: 56.3. Scale 1:2: 56.1, 56.2 .............................. 249
2.88 Finglesham. Finds from Grave 57. Scale 1:1: 57.3-5, 57.10, 57.11. Scale 1:2: 57.1,
57.7-9 ...................................................................................................................................................... 250
2.89 Finglesham. Finds from Grave 57 (cont.). Scale 1:1 ....................................................................251
2.90 Finglesham. Finds from Graves 58 and 59. Scale 1:1: 58.1-4. Scale 1:2: 59.1-4 .................252
2.91 Finglesham. Finds from Graves 61, 62 and 62A. Scale 1:1: 61.1; 62A.4. Scale 1:2:
62.1; 62A. 1-3; 62A.9 ..........................................................................................................................253
2.92 Finglesham. Finds from Grave 62B. Scale 1:1: 62B.2, 62B.3. Scalel:2: 62B.1,
62B.4, 62B.5............................................................................................................................................254
2.93 Finglesham. Finds from Graves 64, 65, 66 and 67. Scale 1:1: 64.1, 66.1, 67.5, 67.6.
Scale 1:2: 65.1, 66.2, 66.3, 67.1-4 ................................................................................................... 255
2.94 Finglesham. Finds from Grave 68. Scale 1:1 .....................................................................................256
2.95 Finglesham. Finds from Graves 69, 70, 72, 74, 75 and 77. Scale 1:1: 69.1, 69.2,
69.4, 70.1, 75.2. Scale 1:2: 69.3, 72.1, 74.1-3, 75.1, 77.1 ...................................................... 257
2.96 Finglesham. Finds from Graves 79, 81, 84, 88, 89, 91 and 92. Scale 1:1: 84.1,
84.2, 84.4. Scale 1:2: 79.1, 81.1, 84.5, 88.1, 89.1, 91.1, 91.2, 92.1 ...................................... 258
2.97 Finglesham. Finds from Grave 82. Scale 1 :2 .....................................................................................259
2.98 Finglesham. Finds from Grave 82 (cont.). Scale 1:1 .................................................................260
2.99 Finglesham. Finds from Grave 83. Scale 1:1: 83.3, 83.5. Scale 1:2: 83.1, 83.2, 83.4 .... 261
2.100 Finglesham. Finds from Grave 86. Scale 1 :2 .....................................................................................262
2.101 Finglesham. Finds from Grave 95. Scale 1 :2 .....................................................................................263
2.102 Finglesham. Finds from Grave 95 (cont.). Scale 1:1: 95.7, 95.8. Scale 1:2: 95.4 ....................264
2.103 Finglesham. Finds from Grave 95 (cont.). Scale 1:1 ..................................................................265
2.104 Finglesham. Finds from Grave 95 (cont.) and 96. Scale 1:1: 95.1. Scale 1:2: 96.1,
96.3, 96.4 ............................................................................................................................................... 266
2.105 Finglesham. Finds from Grave 96 (cont.). Scale 1:1 ..................................................................267
2.106 Finglesham. Finds from Graves 97, 98 and 99. Scale 1:1: 97.1, 99.1. Scale 1:2:
97.2, 98.1, 99.2, 99.3 ............................................................................................................................268
2.107 Finglesham. Finds from Graves 102 and 103. Scale 1:1: 103.3. Scale 1:2: 102.2,
103.1, 104.4. Scale 1:3: 102.1 ................................................................................................... 269
2.108 Finglesham. Fi^ds from Graves 107 and 108. Scale 1:1: 107.2-4, 107.7. Scale 1:2:
107.1, 107.5, 107.6, 108.1-3 ............................................................................................................ 270
2.109 Finglesham. Finds from 110, 113 and 114. Scale 1:1: 110.4, 110.5. Scale 1:2:
110.1- 3, 110.6, 113.1, 114.1 ............................ 271
2.110 Finglesham. Finds from 115 and 117. Scale 1:1: 117.1.2, 117.5. Scale 1:2:
115.1- 3, 117.1.1, 117.2-4 ..............................................................................................................272
2.111 Finglesham. Finds from Graves 118, 119 and 120. Scale 1:1: 118.4, 118.5; 120.1.
Scale 1:2: 118.1-3, 119.1, 119.2, 120.2-3 ..................................................................................... 273
2.112 Finglesham. Finds from Graves 123 and 124. Scale 1:1: 123.2.1, 124.1, 124.3.1,
124.3.2. Scale 1:2: 123.1, 123.2.2, 124.2, 124.3.3-5, 124.4, 124.5........................................274
8
