The Ancient World Prehistoric Eras to 600 CE

600 Pages·2009·17.4 MB·English

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
WORLD HISTORY
The Ancient World
Prehistoric Eras to 600 c.e.
VOLUME I
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
WORLD HISTORY
Volume I
The Ancient World
Prehistoric Eras to 600 c.e.
Volume II
The Expanding World
600 c.e. to 1450
Volume III
The First Global Age
1450 to 1750
Volume IV
Age of Revolution and Empire
1750 to 1900
Volume V
Crisis and Achievement
1900 to 1950
Volume VI
The Contemporary World
1950 to the Present
Volume VII
Primary Documents
Master Index
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
WORLD HISTORY
The Ancient World
Prehistoric Eras to 600 c.e.
VOLUME I
edited by
Marsha E. Ackermann
Michael J. Schroeder
Janice J. Terry
Jiu-Hwa Lo Upshur
Mark F. Whitters
Encyclopedia of World History
Copyright © 2008 by Marsha E. Ackermann, Michael J. Schroeder, Janice J. Terry, Jiu-Hwa Lo
Upshur, and Mark F. Whitters
Maps copyright © 2008 by Infobase Publishing

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Encyclopedia of world history / edited by Marsha E. Ackermann . . . [et al.].
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8160-6386-4 (hc : alk. paper)
1. World history—Encyclopedias. I. Ackermann, Marsha E.
D21.E5775 2007
903—dc22
2007005158
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This book is printed on acid-free paper.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
WORLD HISTORY
Volume I
CONTENTS
About the Editors vi
Foreword vii
Historical Atlas viii
List of Articles ix
List of Contributors xiii
Chronology xvii
Major Themes xxix
Articles A to Z 1
Resource Guide 509
Index 513
About the Editors
Marsha E. Ackermann received a Ph.D. in American culture from the University of Michigan. She
is the author of the award-winning book Cool Comfort: America’s Romance with Air-Conditioning
and has taught U.S. history and related topics at the University of Michigan, Michigan State Uni-
versity, and Eastern Michigan University.
Michael J. Schroeder received a Ph.D. in history from the University of Michigan and currently
teaches at Eastern Michigan University. Author of the textbook The New Immigrants: Mexican
Americans, he has published numerous articles on Latin American history.
Janice J. Terry received a Ph.D. from the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of
London, and is professor emeritus of Middle East history at Eastern Michigan University. Her
latest book is U.S. Foreign Policy in the Middle East: The Role of Lobbies and Special Interest
Groups. She is also a coauthor of the world history textbooks The 20th Century: A Brief Global
History and World History.
Jiu-Hwa Lo Upshur received a Ph.D. from the University of Michigan and is professor emeritus of
Chinese history at Eastern Michigan University. She is a coauthor of the world history textbooks
The 20th Century: A Brief Global History and World History.
Mark F. Whitters received a Ph.D. in religion and history from the Catholic University of America
and currently teaches at Eastern Michigan University. His publications include The Epistle of Sec-
ond Baruch: A Study in Form and Message.
vi
Foreword
The seven-volume Encyclopedia of World History is a comprehensive reference to the most impor-
tant events, themes, and personalities in world history. The encyclopedia covers the entire range
of human history in chronological order—from the prehistoric eras and early civilizations to our
contemporary age—using six time periods that will be familiar to students and teachers of world
history. This reference work provides a resource for students—and the general public—with con-
tent that is closely aligned to the National Standards for World History and the College Board’s
Advanced Placement World History course, both of which have been widely adopted by states and
school districts.
This encyclopedia is one of the fi rst to offer a balanced presentation of human history for a truly
global perspective of the past. Each of the six chronological volumes begins with an in-depth essay
that covers fi ve themes common to all periods of world history. They discuss such important issues
as technological progress, agriculture and food production, warfare, trade and cultural interactions,
and social and class relationships. These major themes allow the reader to follow the development
of the world’s major regions and civilizations and make comparisons across time and place.
The encyclopedia was edited by a team of fi ve accomplished historians chosen for being special-
ists in different areas and eras of world history, as well as for having taught world history in the
classroom. They and many other experts are responsible for writing the approximately 2,000 signed
entries based on the latest scholarship. Additionally, each article is cross-referenced with relevant
other ones in that volume. A chronology is included to provide students with a chronological ref-
erence to major events in the given era. In each volume an array of full-color maps provides geo-
graphic context, while numerous illustrations provide visual contexts to the material. Each article
also concludes with a bibliography of several readily available pertinent reference works in English.
Historical documents included in the seventh volume provide the reader with primary sources, a
feature that is especially important for students. Each volume also includes its own index, while the
seventh volume contains a master index for the set.
Marsha E. Ackermann
Michael J. Schroeder
Janice J. Terry
Jiu-Hwa Lo Upshur
Mark F. Whitters
Eastern Michigan University
vii
Historical Atlas
List of Maps
The World: From Prehistory to 10,000 b.c.e. M1
The Beginning of Agriculture, 9000–500 b.c.e. M2
Civilizations in Europe and Asia, 3500–1500 b.c.e. M3
Ancient Mesopotamia, 3000–2000 b.c.e. M4
Ancient Egypt, 2795–1640 b.c.e. M5
Babylonian Empire, c. 1750–c. 1595 b.c.e. M6
Egyptian Asiatic Empire under Tuthmosis III, 1450 b.c.e. M7
Trade Routes of the Mycenaeans and Minoans M8
Ancient Palestine, 925–722 b.c.e. M9
Asian Empires, 600 b.c.e. M10
Assyrian and Babylonian Empires, 950–539 b.c.e. M11
The Persian Empire M12
Greek and Phoenician Routes, c. 500 b.c.e. M13
Persian Wars, 492–479 b.c.e. M14
Greece during the Peloponnesian War, 431–404 b.c.e. M15
Macedonia under Philip II, 359–336 b.c.e. M16
The Empire of Alexander the Great, 334–323 b.c.e. M17
Hellenistic World, c. 300 b.c.e. M18
The Punic Wars, 264–200 b.c.e. M19
Roman Expansion, 240 b.c.e.–30 c.e. M20
The Mauryan Empire, 325–260 b.c.e. M21
Palestine at the Time of Christ M22
China during the Han Dynasty, 202 b.c.e.–250 c.e. M23
Trade Routes of the First Century c.e. M24
Farthest Extent of the Roman Empire, under Emperor Hadrian, 117–138 c.e. M25
Crisis of the Third Century, 250–271 c.e. M26
The Roman Empire under the Tetrarchy, c. 300 c.e. M27
Parthia and the Sassanid Empire, 114–628 c.e. M28
The Rise of Constantine, 306–324 c.e. M29
Barbarian Invasions and Settlements M30
Byzantine Empire under Justinian, 527–567 c.e. M31
Major Religions in the Eastern Hemisphere, c. 600 c.e. M32
viii
List of Articles
A Aristotle Book of the Dead
Adrianople, Battle of (378 c.e.) Ark of the Covenant Boudicca
Aeneid Armenia Brendan the Navigator
Aeschylus Artaxerxes Buddhism in China
Aesop Aryan invasion Buddhist councils
African city-states Ashoka Byblos
African religious traditions Assyria Byzantine-Persian wars
Ahab and Jezebel Athanasius
Akhenaten and Nefertiti Athenian predemocracy C
Akkad Augustine of Hippo Caesar, Augustus
Alcibiades Aurelius, Marcus Caesar, Julius
Alexander the Great Axial Age and cyclical Cambyses II
Alexandria theories Cappadocians
Alexandrian literature Caracalla, Edict of (212 c.e.)
Ambrose B Carthage
Andes: Neolithic Babylon, early period caste
Antonine emperors Babylon, later periods Cato, Marcus Porcius (the Younger)
Anyang Bactria cave paintings
apocalypticism, Jewish and Bamiyan Valley Celts
Christian Ban Biao (Pan Piao) Ceylon
Apostles, Twelve Baruch Chandragupta II
Arabia, pre-Islamic Basil the Great Chang’an
Aramaeans Benedict choregic poetry
Archaic Greece Bhagavad Gita Choson
Arianism Bible translations Christian Dualism (Gnosticism)
Aristophanes Boethius Christianity, early
ix
x List of Articles
Chrysostom, John Eusebius Hittites
Cicero Ezana Homeric epics
classical art and architecture, Greek Hundred Schools of Philosophy
Classical Period, Greek F Huns
Cleisthenes Fa Xian (Fa-hsien) Hurrians
Clement of Alexandria Fertile Crescent Hyksos
Code of Justinian First Americans
Confucian Classics Flavian emperors I
Confucianism as a state ideology food gatherers and producers, imperial cult, Roman
Confucius prehistory Indo-Europeans
Constantine the Great Indus civilization
Constantinople G Israel and Judah
Coptic Christian Church Gandhara
cuneiform Ganjin J
Cyclades Gaul Jainism
Cyril of Alexandria Gautama Buddha Jerome
Cyrus II Georgia, ancient Jesus (Christ) of Nazareth
Gilgamesh Jewish revolts
D Gracchi Job and theodicy
Damascus and Aleppo Great Wall of China John the Baptist
Daoism (Taoism) Greek Church Jomon culture
Darius I Greek city-states Josephus, Flavius
David Greek colonization Josiah
Delphic oracle Greek drama Judah ha-Nasi
Demosthenes Greek mythology and pantheon Judaism, early (heterodoxies)
Desert Fathers and Mothers Greek oratory and rhetoric Judges
Deuteronomy Gregory the Great Julian the Apostate
Dharma Sutras Guangwu (Kuang-wu) Julio-Claudian emperors
Diadochi Gupta Empire Justinian I
Diocletian gymnasium and athletics
Dravidians K
Druids and Picts H Kama Sutra
Duke of Zhou (Chou) Hadrian Kanishka
Dunhuang (Tun-huang) Hagia Sophia Kautilya
Han dynasty Khosrow I
E Hannibal Kija
Ebla Han Wudi (Han Wu-ti) Kingdom of God
Edessa Helena King’s Highway and Way of the Sea
Egeria Helen of Troy Kush
Egypt, culture and religion Hellenistic art Kushan Empire
Elam Hellenization
Eleusis heresies L
Ephesus and Chalcedon, Councils of Herodotus, Thucydides, and Laozi (Lao Tzu) and Zhuangzi
Ephrem Xenophon (Chuang Tzu)
Epicureanism Herods late barbarians
Era of Division (China) Hesiod Latin Church
Essenes Hezekiah Legalism
Esther, book of hieroglyphics legionaries
Ethiopia, ancient Hindu philosophy Leonidas
Etruscans Hippocrates, Galen, and the Leo the Great
Euripides Greek physicians libraries, ancient