Table Of ContentThe Project Gutenberg EBook of The Ancient Bronze Implements, Weapons, and
Ornaments, of Great Britain and Ireland., by John Evans
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
Title: The Ancient Bronze Implements, Weapons, and Ornaments, of Great Britain and Ireland.
Author: John Evans
Release Date: September 19, 2016 [EBook #53092]
Language: English
Character set encoding: UTF-8
*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ANCIENT BRONZE ***
Produced by Giovanni Fini, Chris Curnow and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
file was produced from images generously made available
by The Internet Archive)
TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES:
—Obvious print and punctuation errors were corrected.
—Huge tables at pages 460 to 463 have been rendered as illustration.
—The transcriber of this project created the book cover image using the front cover of the
original book. The image is placed in the public domain.
[i]
THE ANCIENT
BRONZE IMPLEMENTS,
WEAPONS, AND ORNAMENTS,
OF
GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.
[ii]
[iii]
THE ANCIENT
BRONZE IMPLEMENTS,
WEAPONS, AND ORNAMENTS,
OF
GREAT BRITAIN
AND
IRELAND.
BY
JOHN EVANS, D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S.,
F.S.A., F.G.S., Pres. Num. Soc., &c.
LONDON:
LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO.
1881.
(All rights reserved.)
LONDON
PRINTED BY VIRTUE AND CO., LIMITED
CITY ROAD.
[iv]
[v]
PREFACE.
The work which is now presented to the public has unfortunately been many years in
progress, as owing to various occupations, both private and public, the leisure at my
command has been but small, and it has been only from time to time, often at long intervals,
that I have been able to devote a few hours to its advancement. During this slow progress the
literature of the subject, especially on the Continent, has increased in an unprecedentedly
rapid manner, and I have had great difficulty in at all keeping pace with it.
I have, however, done my best, both by reading and travel, to keep myself acquainted
with the discoveries that were being made and the theories that were being broached with
regard to bronze antiquities, whether abroad or at home, and I hope that so far as facts are
concerned, and so far as relates to the present state of information on the subject, I shall not
be found materially wanting.
Of course in a work which treats more especially of the bronze antiquities of the British
Islands, I have not felt bound to enlarge more than was necessary for the sake of comparison
on the corresponding antiquities of other countries. I have, however, in all cases pointed out
such analogies in form and character as seemed to me of importance as possibly helping to
throw light on the source whence our British bronze civilisation was derived.
It may by some be thought that a vast amount of useless trouble has been bestowed in
figuring and describing so many varieties of what were after all in most cases the ordinary
tools of the artificer, or the common arms of the warrior or huntsman, which differed from
each other only in apparently unimportant particulars. But as in biological studies minute
anatomy often affords the most trustworthy evidence as to the descent of any given organism
from some earlier form of life, so these minor details in the form and character of ordinary
implements, which to the cursory observer appear devoid of meaning, may, to a skilful
archæologist, afford valuable clues by which the march of the bronze civilisation over Europe
may be traced to its original starting-place.
I am far from saying that this has as yet been satisfactorily accomplished, and to my mind
it will only be by accumulating a far larger mass of facts than we at present possess that
comparative archæology will be able to triumph over the difficulties with which its path is still
beset.
Much is, however, being done, and I trust that so far as the British Isles are concerned,
the facts which I have here collected and the figures which I have caused to be engraved will
at all events form a solid foundation on which others may be able to build.
So long ago as 1876 I was able to present to the foreign archæologists assembled at
Buda-Pest for the International Congress of Prehistoric Archæology and Anthropology, a
short abstract of this work in the shape of my Petit Album de l’âge du Bronze de la
Grande Bretagne, which I have reason to believe has been found of some service. At that
time my friend the late Sir William Wilde was still alive, and as the bronze antiquities of
Ireland appeared to be especially under his charge, I had not regarded them as falling within
the scope of my book. After his lamented death there was, however, no possibility of
interfering with his labours, by my including the bronze antiquities of the sister country with
those of England, Wales, and Scotland in the present work, and I accordingly enlarged my
original plan.
In carrying out my undertaking I have followed the same method as in my work on the
“Ancient Stone Implements, &c., of Great Britain;” and it will be found that what I may term
the dictionary and index of bronze antiquities is printed in smaller type than the more general
descriptive and historical part of the book. I have in fact offered those who take an ordinary
interest in archæological inquiry without wishing to be burdened with minute details a broad
hint as to what they may advantageously skip. To the specialist and the local antiquary the
portion printed in smaller type will be found of use, if only as giving references to other works
in which the more detailed accounts of local discoveries are given. These references, thanks
to members of my own family, have been carefully checked, and the accuracy of all the
original figures for this work, engraved for me with conscientious care by Mr. Swain, of
Bouverie Street, may, I think, be relied on.
To the councils of several of our learned societies, and especially to those of the Societies
of Antiquaries of London and Edinburgh, the Royal Irish Academy, the Royal Archæological
Institute, and the Royal Historical and Archæological Association of Ireland, I am much
[vi]
[vii]
indebted for the loan of woodcuts and for other assistance. I have also to thank the trustees
and curators of many local museums, as well as the owners of various private collections, for
allowing me to figure specimens, and for valuable information supplied.
My warmest thanks are, however, due to Mr. Augustus W. Franks, F.R.S., and Canon
Greenwell, F.R.S., not only for assistance in the matter of illustrations, but for most kindly
undertaking the task of reading my proofs. I must also thank Mr. Joseph Anderson, the
accomplished keeper of the Antiquarian Museum at Edinburgh, and Mr. Robert Day, F.S.A.,
of Cork, for having revised those portions of the work which relate to Scotland and Ireland.
The Index has been carefully compiled by my sister, Mrs. Hubbard. As was the case
with those of my “Ancient Stone Implements,” and “Ancient British Coins,” it is divided into
two parts; the one referring generally to the subject matter of the book, and the other purely
topographical. The advantages of such a division in a book of this character are obvious.
In conclusion, I venture to prefer the request that any discoveries of new types of
instruments or of deposits of bronze antiquities may be communicated to me.
John Evans.
Nash Mills, Hemel Hempsted,
March, 1881.
[viii]
[ix]
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTORY.
PAGE
The Succession of the Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages—A Copper Age in America—
Scriptural Notices of Bronze—Bronze preceded Iron in ancient Egypt—Bronze
in ancient Greece—The Metals mentioned by Homer—Iron in ancient Greece
—Bronzes among other ancient Nations—Use of Iron in Gaul and Italy—
Disputes as to the three Periods—The Succession of Iron to Bronze—The
Preservation of ancient Iron
1
CHAPTER II.
CELTS.
Origin of the word Celt—Views of early Antiquaries—Conjectures as to the Use of
Celts—Opinions of modern Writers
27
CHAPTER III.
FLAT AND FLANGED CELTS.
Flat Celts from Cyprus and Hissarlik—Discoveries of Flat Celts in Barrows—Those
ornamented on the Faces—Flanged Celts—Those from Arreton Down—And
from Barrows—Decorated Flanged Celts—Flat Celts found in Scotland—
Decorated Scottish Specimens—Flat Celts found in Ireland—Decorated Irish
Specimens—Character of their Decorations—Flat Celts with Lateral Stops
39
CHAPTER IV.
WINGED CELTS AND PALSTAVES.
Origin of the term Palstave—Celts with a Stop-ridge—Varieties of Winged Celts—
Transitional Forms—Palstaves with Ornaments on Face—With Central Rib on
the Blade—Shortened by Wear—With a Transverse Edge—Looped Palstaves
—With Ribs on Blade—With Shield-like Ornaments—With Vertical Ribs on
Blade—With semicircular Side-wings hammered over—Iron Palstaves imitated
from Bronze—Palstaves with two Loops—Scottish Palstaves—Irish Palstaves
—Looped Irish Palstaves—Irish Palstaves with Transverse Edge—Comparison
with Continental Forms
70
CHAPTER V.
SOCKETED CELTS.
Terms, “the Recipient” and “the Received”—Evolution from Palstaves—With
“Flanches,” or curved Lines, on the Faces—Plain, with a Beading round the
Mouth—Of a Gaulish type—With vertical Ribs on the Faces—With Ribs
ending in Pellets—With Ribs and Pellets on the Faces—With Ribs and Ring
Ornaments—Variously ornamented—Of octagonal Section—With the Loop on
one Face—Without Loops—Of diminutive Size—Found in Scotland—Found in
Ireland—Comparison with Foreign Forms—Mainly of Native Manufacture in
Britain—Those formed of Iron
107
CHAPTER VI.
METHODS OF HAFTING CELTS.
The perforated Axes of Bronze—Celts in Club-like Handles—Their Hafts, as seen in
Barrows—Hafting after the manner of Axes—Socketed Celts used as Hatchets
—Hafted Celt found at Chiusi—Hafts, as seen at Hallstatt—Celts in some
instances mounted as Adzes—No perforated Axe-heads in Britain—Hafting
Celts as Chisels
146
CHAPTER VII.
CHISELS, GOUGES, HAMMERS, AND OTHER TOOLS.
Simple form of Chisel rare—Tanged Chisels—Chisels with Lugs at sides—Socketed
Chisels—Tanged Gouges—Socketed Gouges—Socketed Hammers—Irish
Hammers—Method of Hafting Hammers—French Anvils—Saws and Files
almost unknown in Britain—Tongs and Punches—The latter used in
Ornamenting—Awls, Drills, or Prickers frequently found in Barrows—Awls
used in Sewing—Tweezers—Needles—Fish-hooks
165
CHAPTER VIII.
SICKLES.
[x]
Method of Hafting—Sickles with Projecting Knobs—With Sockets—Sickles found
in Scotland and Ireland—Found on the Continent
194
CHAPTER IX.
KNIVES, RAZORS, ETC.
The Socketed Form—Scottish and Irish Knives—Curved Knives—Knives with
broad Tangs—With Lanceolate Blades—Of peculiar Types—Double-edged
Razors—Scottish and Irish Razors—Continental Forms
204
CHAPTER X.
DAGGERS AND THEIR HILTS.—RAPIER-SHAPED BLADES.
Tanged Knives or Daggers—Knife-Daggers with three Rivets—Method of Hafting
Daggers—Bone Pommels—Amber Hilt inlaid with Gold—Hilts with numerous
Rivets—Inlaid and Ivory Hilts—Hilts of Bronze—Knife-Daggers with five or
six Rivets—Knife-Daggers from Scotland—From Ireland—Daggers with
Ornamented Blades—With Mid-ribs—With Ogival Outline—Rapier-shaped
Blades—Rapiers with Notches at the Base—With Ribs on the Faces—Rapiers
with Ox-horn and Bronze Hilts—Bayonet-like Blades
222
CHAPTER XI.
TANGED AND SOCKETED DAGGERS OR SPEAR-HEADS, HALBERDS,
AND MACES.
Arreton Down type of Spear-heads—With Tangs and with Socket—Scandinavian
and German Halberds—The Chinese Form—Irish Halberds—Copper Blades
less brittle than Bronze—Broad Irish Form—Scottish Halberds—English and
Welsh Halberds—The Form known in Spain—Maces, probably Mediæval
257
CHAPTER XII.
LEAF-SHAPED SWORDS.
Their Occurrence in British Barrows not authenticated—Occur with Interments in
Scandinavia—The Roman Sword—British Swords—Disputes as to their Age
—Hilts proportional to Blades—Swords with Central Slots in Hilt-plate—With
many Rivet-holes—With Central Rib on Blade—Representation of Sword on
Italian Coin—Those with Hilts of Bronze—Localities where found—
Comparison with Continental Types—Swords found in Scotland—In Ireland—
In France—Swords with Hilts of Bone—Decorated with Gold—Continental
Types—Early Iron Swords
273
CHAPTER XIII.
SCABBARDS AND CHAPES.
Sheaths with Bronze Ends—Wooden Sheaths—Bronze Sheaths—Ends of Sword-
Sheaths or Scabbard Ends—Chapes from England and Ireland—Spiked Chapes
—Mouth-pieces for Sheaths—Ferrules on Sword-Hilts
301
CHAPTER XIV.
SPEAR-HEADS, LANCE-HEADS, ETC.
Different Types—Leaf-shaped—With a Fillet along the Midrib—Ornamented on the
Sockets—With Loops at the Sides—From Ireland—Decorated on the Blade—
With Loops at the Base of the Blade—Of Cruciform Section near the Point—
With Openings in the Blade—With Flanges at the Side of the Openings—With
Lunate Openings in the Blade—Barbed at the Base—Ferrules for Spear-shafts
—African Spear Ferrules—Continental Types—Early Iron Spear-heads
310
CHAPTER XV.
SHIELDS, BUCKLERS, AND HELMETS.
Shields with numerous raised Bosses—With Concentric Ribs—With Concentric
Rings of Knobs—Shields found in Scotland—In England and Wales—Wooden
Bucklers—The Date of Circular Bucklers—Bronze Helmets—Their Date
343
CHAPTER XVI.
TRUMPETS AND BELLS.
Trumpets found in Ireland—Trumpets with Lateral Openings—The Dowris Hoard
—Riveted Trumpets—The Caprington Horn—Trumpets found in England—
Bells found in Ireland
357
CHAPTER XVII.
PINS.
Pins with Flat Heads—With Crutched Heads—With Annular Heads—Those of large
Size—With Spheroidal Heads—With Ornamental Expanded Heads—From
Scotland—From Denmark—Their Date difficult to determine
365
CHAPTER XVIII.
[xi]
TORQUES, BRACELETS, RINGS, EAR-RINGS, AND PERSONAL
ORNAMENTS.
The Gaulish Torque—Gold Torques—Funicular Torques—Ribbon Torques—Those
of the Late Celtic Period—Penannular Torques and Bracelets—Bracelets
engraved with Patterns—Beaded and Fluted—Looped, with Cup-shaped Ends
—Late Celtic Bracelets—Rings—Rings with others cast on them—Coiled
Rings found with Torques—Finger-rings—Ear-rings—Those of Gold—Beads
of Tin—Of Glass—Rarity of Personal Ornaments in Britain
374
CHAPTER XIX.
CLASPS, BUTTONS, BUCKLES, AND MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS.
Difficulty in Determining the Use of some Objects—Looped Sockets and Tubes—
Possibly Clasps—Perforated Rings forming a kind of Brooch—Rings used in
Harness—Brooches—Late Celtic—Buttons—Circular Plates and Broad Hoops
—Perforated Discs—Slides for Straps—Jingling Ornaments—Objects of
Uncertain Use—Rod, with Figures of Birds upon it—Figures of Animals
396
CHAPTER XX.
VESSELS, CALDRONS, ETC.
Fictile Vessels—Gold Cup—Bronze Vessels not found in Barrows—Caldrons found
in Scotland—In Ireland—Some of an Etruscan Form—The Skill exhibited in
their Manufacture
407
CHAPTER XXI.
METAL, MOULDS, AND THE METHOD OF MANUFACTURE.
Composition of Bronze—Lead absent in early Bronze—Sources of Tin and Copper
—Analyses of Bronze Antiquities—Cakes of Copper and Lumps of Metal—Tin
discovered in Hoards of Bronze—Ingots of Tin—Methods of Casting—Moulds
of Stone for Celts, Palstaves, Daggers, Swords, and Spear-heads—Moulds of
Bronze for Palstaves and Celts—The Harty Hoard—Bronze Mould for Gouges
—Moulds found in other Countries—Moulds formed of Burnt Clay—Jets or
Runners—The Processes for Preparing Bronze Instruments for Use—Rubbers
and Whetstones—Decoration—Hammering out and Sharpening the Edges
415
CHAPTER XXII.
CHRONOLOGY AND ORIGIN OF BRONZE.
Inferences from number of Types—Division of Period into Stages—The Evidence
of Hoards—Their different Kinds—Personal, Merchants’, and Founders’—
Lists of Principal Hoards—Inferences from them—The Transition from
Bronze to Iron—Its probable Date—Duration of Bronze Age—Burial Customs
of the Period—Different Views as to the Sources of Bronze Civilisation—
Suggested Provinces of Bronze—The Britannic Province—Comparison of
British and Continental Types—Foreign Influences in Britain—Its Commercial
Relations—Imported Ornaments—Condition of Britain during the Bronze Age
—General Summary
455
[xii]
[xiii]
WOODCUT ILLUSTRATIONS.
The references are to the original sources of such cuts as have not been engraved
expressly for this book.
CHAPTER III.
FLAT AND FLANGED CELTS.
FIG.
PAGE
1. Cyprus
40
2. Butterwick
41
3. Moot Low
44
Llew. Jewitt, F.S.A., “Grave Mounds,” fig. 187.
4. Yorkshire
45
5. Weymouth
46
6. Read
47
7. Suffolk
48
8. Arreton Down
49
Archæologia, vol. xxxvi. p. 329.
9. Plymstock
50
10.
”
50
Arch. Journ., vol. xxvi. p. 346.
11. Thames
52
12. Norfolk
52
13. Dorsetshire
53
14. Lewes
53
Arch. Journ., vol. xviii. p. 167.
15. Ely
53
16. Barrow
54
17. Liss
54
18. Rhosnesney
55
19. Drumlanrig
56
20. Lawhead
57
Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. vii. p. 105.
21. Nairn
58
Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. ii. N.S.
22. Falkland
59
23. Greenlees
59
Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. xii. p. 601.
24. Perth
60
25. Applegarth
60
26. Dams
61
Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. xiii. p. 120.
27. Ballinamallard
61
28. North of Ireland
62
29. Ireland
62
30. Tipperary
62
Arch. Journ., vol. vi. p. 410.
31. Ireland
63
32. Connor
64
33. Clontarf
65
34. Ireland
65
Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” fig. 248.
35. Ireland
66
36. Trim
66
37. Ireland
66
38.
”
66
39. Punched patterns
67
40.
”
”
67
41.
”
”
67
42.
”
”
67
43.
”
”
67
Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” figs. 286 to 290.
44. Armoy
68
45. Ireland
68
46.
”
69
47.
”
69
CHAPTER IV.
WINGED CELTS AND PALSTAVES.
48. Icelandic Palstave
71
49.
”
”
71
Arch. Journ., vol. vii. p. 74.
50. Wigton
73
51. Chollerford Bridge
74
52. Chatham
74
53. Burwell Fen
75
54. Bucknell
75
55. Culham
75
56. Reeth
76
57. Dorchester
76
58. Colwick
77
59. Barrington
78
60. Harston
78
61. Shippey
79
62. Severn
80
63. Sunningwell
80
64. Weymouth
82
65. Burwell Fen
82
66. East Harnham
83
67. Burwell Fen
83
68. Thames
84
69. Stibbard
84
70. Irthington
85
71. North Owersby
85
72. Bonn
85
73. Dorchester
87
74. Wallingford
88
75. Stanton Harcourt
88
76. Brassington
89
77. Bath
89
78. Oldbury Hill
90
79. Ross
91
80. Honington
91
81. Ely
92
82. Bottisham
92
83. Nettleham
93
Arch. Journ., vol. xviii. p. 160.
84. Cambridge
93
85. Carlton Rode
94
86. Penvores
96
87. West Buckland
96
Arch. Journ., vol. xxxvii. p. 107.
88. Bryn Crûg
96
89. Andalusia
97
Arch. Journ., vol. vi. p. 69.
90. Burreldale Moss
98
91. Balcarry
98
92. Pettycur
99
Arch. Journ., vol. vi. p. 377.
93. Ireland
100
94.
”
100
95.
”
101
96. North of Ireland
101
97. Lanesborough
101
98. Trillick
102
99. Ireland
102
100.
”
102
101.
”
102
102.
”
103
103.
”
103
104.
”
103
105. Miltown
104
106. Ireland
105
107.
”
105
108.
”
105
109. Ballymena
105
CHAPTER V.
SOCKETED CELTS.
110. High Roding
109
111. Dorchester, Oxon
109
112. Wilts
110
113. Harty
110
114.
”
111
115. Dorchester, Oxon
111
116. Reach Fen
112
117.
”
”
112
118. Canterbury
114
119. Usk
114
120. Alfriston
115
121. Cambridge Fens
116
[xiv]
122. High Roding
116
123. Chrishall
117
124. Reach Fen
117
125. Barrington
117
126. Mynydd-y-Glas
119
127. Stogursey
120
128. Guildford
120
129. Frettenham
120
130. Ely
121
131. Caston
121
132. Carlton Rode
122
133. Fornham
122
134. Fen Ditton
123
135. Bottisham
123
136. Winwick
123
137. Kingston
124
138. Cayton Carr
124
139. Lakenheath
125
140. Thames
125
141. Kingston
125
142.
”
126
143. Thames
127
144. Givendale
127
145. Cambridge
127
146. Blandford
127
147. Ireland (?)
128
148. Barrington
128
149. Hounslow
128
150. Wallingford
128
151. Newham
129
152. Westow
130
153. Wandsworth
130
Arch. Journ., vol. vi. p. 378.
154. Whittlesea
130
155. Nettleham
132
Arch. Journ., vol. xviii. p. 160.
156. Croker Collection
132
157. Nettleham
132
Arch. Journ., vol. xviii. p. 160.
158. Ulleskelf
132
159. Reach Fen
133
160. Carlton Rode
133
161. Arras
134
162. Bell’s Mills
135
“Catal. Ant. Mus. Ed.”
163. North Knapdale
136
164. Bell’s Mills
136
165.
”
”
136
“Catal. Ant. Mus. Ed.”
166. Leswalt
137
Ayr and Wigton Coll., vol. ii. p. 11.
167. Ireland
138
168.
”
138
169. Belfast
139
170. Ireland
139
171.
”
139
Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” fig. 280.
172. Athboy
140
173. Meath
140
174. Ireland
140
175. Newtown Crommolin
141
176. North of Ireland
141
177. Ireland
141
178.
”
142
Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R.I.A.,” fig. 275.
179. Kertch
142
Arch. Journ., vol. xiv. p. 91.
CHAPTER VI.
METHODS OF HAFTING CELTS.
180. Stone Axe of Montezuma II.
148
181. Aymara Stone Hatchet
148
182. Modern African Axe of Iron
149
183. Stone Axe, Robenhausen
150
184. Bronze Axe, Hallein
152
185. Raron, Brigue
154
186. Edenderry
155
Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R.I.A.,” fig. 257.
187. Chiusi
156
188. Winwick
158
189. Everley
163
[xv]
CHAPTER VII.
CHISELS, GOUGES, AND OTHER TOOLS.
190. Plymstock
166
Arch. Journ., vol. xxvi. p. 346.
191. Heathery Burn
166
192. Glenluce
166
192*. Carlton Rode
167
193. Wallingford
168
194. Reach Fen
168
195. Thixendale
168
196. Yattendon
169
197. Broxton
169
198. Scotland
170
Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. xii. p. 613.
199. Ireland
170
200. Carlton Rode
171
201. Westow
172
202. Heathery Burn Cave
172
203. Carlton Rode
173
204. Thorndon
174
205. Harty
174
206. Undley
175
207. Carlton Rode
175
208. Tay
175
Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. v. p. 127.
209. Ireland
176
210. Thorndon
178
211. Harty
178
212.
”
178
213. Carlton Rode
178
214. Taunton
178
215. Ireland
179
Proc. Soc. Ant., 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 66.
216. Dowris
179
Proc. Soc. Ant., 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 65.
217. Fresné la Mère
182
218.
”
”
182
219. Heathery Burn Cave
185
220. Harty
186
221. Reach Fen
186
222. Ebnall
186
Proc. Soc. Ant., 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 66.
223. Upton Lovel
189
Archæologia, vol. xliii. p. 466.
224. Thorndon
189
225. Butterwick
189
226. Bulford
190
Archæologia, vol. xliii. p. 465.
227. Winterbourn Stoke
190
228. Wiltshire
191
Archæologia, vol. xliii. p. 467.
229. Llangwyllog
192
230. Ireland
192
Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R.I.A.,” fig. 403.
CHAPTER VIII.
SICKLES.
231. Mœrigen
196
Arch. Journ., vol. xxx. p. 192.
232. Edington Burtle
197
233.
”
”
197
234. Thames
198
235. Near Bray
199
236. Near Errol, Perthshire
200
Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. vii. p. 378.
237. Garvagh, Derry
200
238. Athlone
201
CHAPTER IX.
KNIVES, RAZORS, ETC.
239. Wicken Fen
204
240. Thorndon
205
241. Reach Fen
205
242. Heathery Burn Cave
206
Proc. Soc. Ant., 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 132.
243. Kilgraston, Perthshire
206
244. Kells
207
245. Ireland
208
246. Moira
209
247. Fresné la Mère
209
248. Skye
209
Wilson’s “Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” vol. i. p. 400.
249. Wester Ord
209
Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. viii. p. 310.
250. Reach Fen
210
251.
”
”
210
252. Heathery Burn Cave
212
253. Harty
212
254. Ireland
212
255. Ballyclare
213
256. Reach Fen
213
257. Ballycastle
213
258. Ireland
213
259. Wigginton
214
260. Isle of Harty
214
261. Allhallows, Hoo
214
262. Cottle
215
Proc. Soc. Ant., 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 301.
263. Reach Fen
216
264. Lady Low
216
265. Winterslow
216
266. Priddy
216
267. Balblair
217
Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. vii. p. 476.
268. Rogart
217
Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. x. p. 431.
269. Wallingford
218
270. Heathery Burn Cave
218
271. Dunbar
219
272.
”
219
273.
”
219
Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. x. p. 440.
274. Ireland
219
Wilde’s “Catal. Mus. R.I.A.,” fig. 433.
275. Kinleith
220
Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. v. p. 87.
276. Nidau
221
Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. v. p. 91.
CHAPTER X.
DAGGERS AND THEIR HILTS.—RAPIER-SHAPED
BLADES.
277. Roundway
223
278. Driffield
224
279. Butterwick
225
280. Helperthorpe
227
281.
”
227
282. Garton
228
Archæologia, vol. xliii. p. 441.
283. Wilmslow
228
284. Hammeldon Down
229
285. Reach Fen
230
286. Allhallows, Hoo
230
287. Brigmilston
231
288. Leicester
231
289. Normanton
232
290. Roke Down
233
291. Ireland
235
292. Belleek
235
Journ. R. H. and A. Assoc. of Ireland, 4th S., vol. ii. p. 196.
293. Ireland
235
294. Woodyates
236
295. Homington
237
296. Idmiston
237
297. Dow Low
239
298. Cleigh
239
Proc. Soc. Ant. Soc., vol. x. p. 84.
299. Collessie
239
Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. xii. p. 440.
300. Musdin
240
301. Plymstock
240
Arch. Journ., vol. xxvi. p. 346.
302. Winterbourn Stoke
240
303. Camerton
243
304. Cambridge
243
305. Magherafelt
245
Journ. R. H. and A. Assoc. of Ireland, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 286.
306. Arreton Down
245
307. Kinghorn
245
308. Colloony
246
[xvi]
309. Ireland
246
Wilde’s “Catal. Mus. R.I.A.” fig. 347.
310. Kilrea
247
311. Thames
247
312. Thatcham
247
313. Coveney
249
314. Thames
249
315. Chatteris
251
316. Thetford
251
317. Londonderry
251
318. Lissane
252
Wilde’s “Catal. Mus. R.I.A.,” fig. 314.
319. Galbally
253
Journ. R. H. and A. Assoc. of Ireland, 4th S., vol. ii. p. 197.
320. Tipperary
254
321. Ely
255
322. North of Ireland
255
323. Raphoe
255
CHAPTER XI.
TANGED AND SOCKETED DAGGERS, OR SPEAR-
HEADS, HALBERDS AND MACES.
324. Arreton Down
258
325. Stratford le Bow
258
326. Matlock
259
327. Plymstock
259
Arch. Journ., vol. xxvi. p. 349.
328. Arreton Down
260
329. Årup
261
Montelius, “Sver. Forntid,” fig. 131.
330. China
262
331. Ireland
264
332. Cavan
266
333. Newtown Limavady
267
334. Ballygawley
267
335. Falkland
268
336. Stranraer
268
Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. vii. p. 423.
337. Harbyrnrigge
269
338. Shropshire
269
339. Lidgate
271
Arch. Journ., vol. vi. p. 181.
340. Great Bedwin
271
Arch. Journ., vol. vi. p. 411.
341. Ireland
271
Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R.I.A.,” fig. 361.
CHAPTER XII.
LEAF-SHAPED SWORDS.
342. Battersea
278
343. Barrow
279
344. Newcastle
281
345. Wetheringsett
283
346. Tiverton
284
347. Kingston
284
348. Ely
286
349. River Cherwell
286
350. Lincoln
287
Proc. Soc. Ant., vol. ii. p. 199.
351. Whittingham
288
352. Brechin
288
353. Edinburgh
290
354. Newtown Limavady
292
355. Ireland
292
356.
”
292
357.
”
292
358. Muckno
294
359.
”
294
Journ. R. H. & A. Assoc. of Ireland,
3rd S., vol. i. p. 23.
360. Muckno
295
361. Mullylagan
295
Journ. R. H. & A. Assoc. of Ireland,
4th S., vol. ii. p. 257.
362. Mullylagan
295
363. Ireland
296
Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” fig. 322.
CHAPTER XIII.
SCABBARDS AND CHAPES.
364. Isleworth
302
[xvii]
