The Anatomy of a Mesopotamian City: Survey and Soundings at Mashkan-Shapir

523 Pages·2004·34.988 MB·English

by  Elizabeth C. Stone

THE ANATOMY OF A MESOPOTAMIAN CITY:
SURVEY AND SOUNDINGS AT MASHKAN-SHAPIR

The Anatomy of a Mesopotamian City:
Survey and Soundings at
Mashkan-shapir
by
Elizabeth C. Stone and Paul Zimansky
with Epigraphy by
Piotr Steinkeller
and Contributions by
Vincent Pigott, Lisa Wells, and Tony Wilkinson
Winona Lake, Indiana
Eisenbrauns
2004
ç Copyright 2004 by Eisenbrauns.
All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Stone, Elizabeth Caecilia, 1949–
The anatomy of a Mesopotamian city : survey and soundings at Mashkan-
shapir / by Elizabeth C. Stone and Paul Zimansky ; with epigraphy by Piotr
Steinkeller ; and contributions by Vincent Pigott, Lisa Wells, and Tony
Wilkinson.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 1-57506-082-5 (hardcover : alk. paper)
1. Mashkan-shapir (Extinct city) 2. Excavations (Archaeology)—Iraq—
Mashkan-shapir (Extinct city) I. Zimansky, Paul E. II. Steinkeller, Piotr.
III. Pigott, Vincent C. IV. Title.
DS70.5.M37S76 2004
935—dc22
2004005342
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National
Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI
Z39.48-1984. †‘
To
P. E. MacAllister
and
George F. Dales, Jr.
†

Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
1. Research Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Theoretical Approaches in Mesopotamian Socio-Political Relations 1
Site Selection and Project History 5
Chapter Outline 7
2. The Site and Its Environs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Geoarchaeological Investigations at Mashkan-shapir 18
Lisa Wells
Summary and Interpretation of the Stratigraphy 25
3. A History of Mashkan-shapir and Its Role in the Kingdom of Larsa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Piotr Steinkeller
The History of Mashkan-shapir 26
The Role of Mashkan-shapir in Early Second Millennium Political History 30
Larsa, Emutbala, and Mashkan-shapir 34
Conclusions 41
The City of Mashkan-shapir 41
4. Survey Methods and Analytic Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Contour Mapping and Grid Layout 43
Surface Survey Methods 44
Aerial Photography 46
Image Processing 49
Digitizing Survey Data 51
Coordination of Survey and Aerial Data 51
5. Types and Characteristics of Surface Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Sherd Scatter 53
Architectural Elements 56
Debris from Manufacturing and Specialized Activities 62
Burial Evidence 68
Other Surface Features 70
Conclusions 73
The MASCA Program of Analysis of Copper-base Artifacts from Mashkan-shapir:
Preliminary Results and Observations 73
Vincent C. Pigott
6. The Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Terra-cotta 82
Metals 104
Stone 113
Cylinder Seals 116
Shell Artifacts 132
Glass and Frit 132
vii
viii Contents
7. A Building Inscription of Sin-iddinam and Other Inscribed Materials
from Abu Duwari . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Piotr Steinkeller
A Building Inscription of Sin-iddinam 135
A Brick Inscription of Amar-Sin 146
A Building Inscription of Zabaya 146
An Old Babylonian Building Inscription of an Unidentified Ruler 147
Miscellaneous Inscribed Fragments 148
8. Locational Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Conclusions 324
9. Distribution of Features and Objects in the Urban Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Canals 327
Settlement Sectors 329
Features and Objects of General Significance 332
Objects and Features with More Specialized Functions 340
10. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
Mashkan-shapir as a Paradigm of Mesopotamian Urbanism 373
Spatial Organization 375
Hierarchy and Heterarchy in Mesopotamian Cities 378
Residential Districts 378
Institutions 379
Access to Goods 379
Conclusions 379
Appendix 1. Soundings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
Ceramics 397
Conclusions 401
Appendix 2. Off-Site Archaeology in the Area of Mashkan-Shapir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
Tony J.Wilkinson
Introduction 402
The Soils 404
Canals 405
Off-Site Survey 406
Chronology 408
The Sherd Scatters in Broader Context 410
Appendix 3. Object Catalog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
Appendix 4. Key for Object Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480
Material 480
Objects 480
Decoration 481
Appendix 5. Objects by Findspot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
Preface
An undertaking of this kind is necessarily a collaborative process from start to finish. We have
listed the members of our field teams in the body of the text but must stress here how grateful we
are for their hard work and professionalism under conditions that were far from ideal. The institu-
tions that provided generous financial support are also detailed in our discussion of the history of
the work, and we cannot thank them enough. Many more individuals and institutions, however,
played a crucial role in both the field and analytical end of the Mashkan-shapir project.
Archaeological field work in Iraq would not have been possible at all were it not for the consent
and support of the Iraq Department of Antiquities and Heritage. Its Director, Dr. Muºayad Said
Damerji, issued us a permit at a time when work was seriously constrained by wartime conditions
and in the course of the project helped us over many other administrative hurdles. In Baghdad, we
were aided enormously by the British Expedition to Iraq, which was directed by Dr. Jeremy Black
when we began and by Dr. Roger Matthews when we finished. They provided us with a home
away from home, frequently providing food and shelter to the directors when they were in Baghdad
and occasionally accommodating the entire field team. They opened their wonderful library to us
and were generous with their personal expertise. We could not have initiated work at Mashkan-
shapir itself without the help of Nicholas Postgate, who most kindly allowed us to use his dig house
at Abu Salabikh in 1987 and made available all of his expedition’s furniture when we moved our
base to Shomeli in 1988. Nor would the project have made it to the starting gate had not James
Bullock of the United States Foreign Service taken us under his wing in 1986 and 1987. Members
of the U.S. Embassy welcomed us during the 1987 season, housing the entire team while we were
in transit through Baghdad. We would also like to express our gratitude to the people of Shomeli
for making us feel so welcome in their town from 1988 through 1990. We owe special thanks to
our Egyptian cook, Mohammed Attiyeh, who single-handedly ran the house, planned the meals,
did the shopping, fixed our wheelbarrows, and in the process kept us healthy, happy, and well fed.
We are in the debt of many others who helped us after the field stage of this project had come
to an end. The National Endowment for the Humanities phoned soon after the Iraqi invasion of
Kuwait to ask what they could do to assist us and readily agreed to our using the funds originally
granted for the 1991 field season to purchase computer hardware and software needed to analyze
the survey data. The patience of the technical support personnel of the Erdas Corporation and the
Environmental Systems Research Institute was absolutely essential in teaching us the intricacies of
image analysis and GIS from scratch, well before these became a common subject in archaeological
instruction. This book was prepared in draft form in 1993 when Stone was on sabbatical at Harvard.
The support of the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations and access to the Har-
vard Library system greatly facilitated our research. Prof. George F. Dales Jr. of the University of
California, Berkeley, generously donated his Mesopotamian library to the project and thus facili-
tated bibliographic research in our home institutions, which lacked many of the library resources
we needed. We must also acknowledge the Oxford library system, and especially the Griffith Insti-
tute, whose volumes have also been consulted in the course of this project.
ix