The Alloy Tree: A Guide to Low-alloy Steels, Stainless Steels and Nickel-base Alloys

206 Pages·2004·0.7 MB·English

by  A Farrar

The alloy tree

The alloy tree
A guide to low-alloy
steels, stainless
steels and
nickel-base alloys
J. C. M. Farrar
Cambridge England
Published by Woodhead Publishing Limited, Abington Hall, Abington
Cambridge CB1 6AH, England
www.woodhead-publishing.com
Published in North America by CRC Press LLC, 2000 Corporate Blvd, NW
Boca Raton FL 33431, USA
First published 2004, Woodhead Publishing Limited and CRC Press LLC
© 2004, Woodhead Publishing Ltd
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Woodhead Publishing ISBN 1 85573 766 3
CRC Press ISBN 0-8493-2575-7
CRC Press order number: WP2575
Typeset by SNP Best-set Typesetter Ltd., Hong Kong
Printed by TJ International, Padstow, Cornwall, England
Contents
Preface ix
Acknowledgements x
How to use this guide xi
Group A Creep-resisting low-alloy steels 1
Introduction 3
A–0 0.2% carbon, 1% manganese, 0.5% molybdenum fine-
grained elevated temperature steel 4
A–1 11/% chromium–1/% molybdenum and 21/%
4 2 4
chromium–1% molybdenum creep-resisting steels 6
A–2 5% chromium–1/% molybdenum and 9% chromium–1%
2
molybdenum creep-resisting steels 8
A–3 Modified 9% chromium, 1% molybdenum
creep-resisting steel 10
A–4 Modified 9% chromium, 1% molybdenum creep-resisting
steel with tungsten 12
A–5 1/–3% chromium, 1/–1% molybdenum, 1/% vanadium
2 2 4
creep-resisting steels 14
A–6 21/%–21/% chromium plus alloying creep-resisting steels 16
4 2
A–7 12% chromium, molybdenum, vanadium
creep-resisting steel 18
A–8 Modified 12% chromium, 0.5% molybdenum, 2% tungsten
creep-resisting steel 20
Group B Cryogenic,nickel low-alloy steels 23
Introduction 25
B–0 0.2% carbon, 1.5% manganese fine-grained
structural steel 26
B–1 1.5%–3.5% nickel cryogenic steels 28
B–2 9% nickel cryogenic steels 30
Group C Martensitic and ferritic stainless steels 33
Introduction 35
C–0 Plain 11–12% chromium steels with very low carbon
contents and little additional alloying 36
C–1 Plain 11–13% chromium martensitic steels with various
carbon contents 38
vi Contents
C–2 Plain 17% chromium ferritic stainless steels 40
C–3 Plain 26% chromium ferritic stainless steel 42
C–4 14–17% chromium, 5% nickel, 2–3% copper,
precipitation-hardening stainless steels 44
C–5 Low-carbon 13% chromium steels with 4.5% nickel and
1.5% molybdenum 46
C–6 Extra low-carbon 11–13% chromium steels with various
levels of nickel and molybdenum 48
C–7 Extra low-carbon, 29% chromium, 4% molybdenum
superferritic stainless steel 50
Group D Duplex and superduplex stainless steels 53
Introduction 55
D–0 Lean alloy duplex stainless steels 56
D–1 22% chromium, standard duplex stainless steels 58
D–2 25% chromium, superduplex stainless steels 60
D–3 25% chromium, superduplex stainless steels with copper
and/or tungsten 62
Group E Standard austenitic stainless steels 65
Introduction 67
E–0 18% chromium, 8% nickel austenitic stainless steels,
stabilised with titanium or niobium 68
E–1 18% chromium, 8% nickel standard austenitic
stainless steel 70
E–2 18% chromium, 8% nickel austenitic stainless steel with
controlled carbon content 72
E–3 17% chromium, 12% nickel, 2.5% molybdenum austenitic
stainless steel 74
E–4 Austenitic stainless steels with high manganese and
nitrogen 76
Group F Austenitic and superaustenitic stainless steels 79
Introduction 81
F–0 19% chromium, 13% nickel, 3.5% molybdenum,
austenitic stainless steel 82
F–1 Very low-carbon, 25% chromium, 20% nickel, austenitic
stainless steels 84
F–2 21% chromium, 26% nickel, 5% molybdenum, 2% copper
austenitic stainless steel 86
F–3 6% molybdenum, nitrogen-alloyed superaustenitic
stainless steels 88
F–4 Superalloyed, high-nitrogen austenitic stainless steels 90
Contents vii
F–5 20% chromium, 34% nickel, 2.5% molybdenum, 3.5%
copper plus niobium, austenitic stainless steel 92
F–6 22% chromium, 42% nickel, 3% molybdenum, 2.5%
copper plus titanium, nickel alloy 94
Group G Corrosion-resistant nickel alloys 97
Introduction 99
G–0 22% chromium, 62% nickel, 9% molybdenum, 3.5%
niobium, nickel alloy 100
G–1 17% chromium, 55% nickel, 16% molybdenum, 4%
tungsten, nickel alloy 102
G–2 16% chromium, 57% nickel, 16% molybdenum, 4%
tungsten, nickel alloy 104
G–3 22% chromium, 56% nickel, 13% molybdenum, 3%
tungsten, nickel alloy 106
G–4 22% chromium, 16% molybdenum, nickel alloys, with
and without copper and tungsten 108
G–5 28% chromium, 30% nickel, 3.5% molybdenum, 1%
copper plus nitrogen, nickel alloy 110
G–6 30% chromium, 44% nickel, 5.5% molybdenum, 2%
copper plus tungsten and niobium, nickel alloy 112
G–7 29% chromium, 61% nickel, nickel alloy 114
Group H Heat-resistant stainless steels 117
Introduction 119
H–0 Controlled carbon, 17% chromium, 12% nickel, 2.5%
molybdenum austenitic stainless steel 120
H–1 15% chromium, 10% nickel, 1% molybdenum, 6%
manganese austenitic stainless steel with vanadium,
niobium and boron additions 122
H–2 21% chromium, 11% nickel, austenitic stainless steel
with controlled carbon content, silicon, nitrogen and REM 124
H–3 18% chromium, 8% nickel, austenitic stainless steel with
controlled carbon content 126
H–4 Medium carbon, 25% chromium, 20% nickel, austenitic
stainless steels 128
H–5 Low carbon, 18% chromium, 38% nickel, 2% silicon,
austenitic stainless steels 130
H–6 High carbon, 17% chromium, 38% nickel, austenitic
stainless steel 132
H–7 0.4% carbon, 25% chromium, 20% nickel, cast austenitic
stainless steels 134
H–8 0.4% carbon, 25% chromium, 35% nickel, cast austenitic
stainless alloys 136
viii Contents
H–9 0.5% carbon, 25–28% chromium, 35–50% nickel, 0–15%
cobalt, 5% tungsten, cast austenitic alloys 138
H–10 0.4% carbon, 35% chromium, 45% nickel, cast
austenitic alloys 140
H–11 50% chromium, 50% nickel, 2% niobium, cast
austenitic alloy 142
Group I Heat-resistant nickel alloys 145
Introduction 147
I–0 Controlled carbon, 21% chromium, 32% nickel, with
aluminium and titanium, iron–base alloy 148
I–1 75% nickel, 16% chromium, 8% iron, nickel alloy 150
I–2 28% chromium, 45% nickel, 23% iron, 3% silicon with
REM additions, nickel alloy 152
I–3 25% chromium, 46% nickel, 3% molybdenum, 3% cobalt,
3% tungsten, nickel alloy with 1% silicon 154
I–4 22% chromium, 54% nickel, 9% molybdenum, 12%
cobalt, plus aluminium, nickel alloy 156
I–5 22% chromium, 47% nickel, 9% molybdenum, 2% cobalt
with tungsten, aluminium and titanium, nickel alloy 158
Group J Nickel,nickel–copper and nickel–molybdenum alloys 161
Introduction 163
J–0 Pure nickel 164
J–1 65% nickel, 30% copper alloy 166
J–2 Copper with 10–45% nickel alloys 168
J–3 Nickel alloys with 28% molybdenum and small additions
of iron and chromium 170
Appendix 1: Abbreviations 172
Appendix 2: Specifications 174
Appendix 3: Product forms 177
Appendix 4: Alloying costs 178
Appendix 5: The role of individual elements 180
Appendix 6: Types of corrosion 185
Bibliography and sources of further information 187
Index of generic numbers 191
Preface
In 1984, a small group in the technical department at Metrode Products Ltd
produced a design for a wall chart that illustrated the evolutionary nature
of the various alloyed welding consumables which formed the basis of
Metrode’s product range. The chart was always referred to as ‘The Alloy Tree’
because the main trunks, side branches and smaller branches that showed
the development of various alloy groups resembled a tree. Unfortunately, the
wall chart was never published but the idea of a route map that would show
the relationship between various alloy types remained. Inevitably, because
Metrode’s product range was dominated by stainless steels and nickel-base
alloys, this particular emphasis has been retained.
This small book is the direct result of those early developments and the
original name has been retained in the title The alloy tree:A guide to low-
alloy steels,stainless steels and nickel-base alloys. It is intended to be a broad
introduction to many of the alloys used in petrochemical, power generation
and oil and gas engineering. It is not designed to be a formal textbook, but
is more of a general guide to the more commonly used alloys and will be of
value to the engineer with an interest in the alloy materials available, as well
as the emerging metallurgist who has an interest in the field of alloy devel-
opments and their areas of application.
Those who are already familiar with the major reference books, some of
which are listed in the bibliography, will realise that this book does no more
than scratch the surface. Nevertheless, in describing about 100 alloys, it
covers a wide range of applications. Inevitably, boundaries have to be
defined and this book deals with iron-base and nickel-base systems, and the
interaction between the two.
It does not deal with light alloys based on aluminium, magnesium or
titanium. At the two extremes of the alloy system, it does not cover
simple carbon or very low-alloy steels in any great detail, nor does it make
more than passing reference to the highly specialised area of nickel-base
superalloys used in the aerospace industries. Those with a particular inter-
est in these excluded groups will have to look elsewhere.
The information given has been obtained from a wide variety of sources,
some of the more important of which are given in the bibliography. However,
responsibility for the contents lies solely with the author and he accepts full
responsibility for any errors and omissions.
J.C.M.Farrar
Denby Dale
Acknowledgements
As mentioned in the Preface, this book is based on a wall chart, designed by
the author but never published. It was intended to show the evolution of and
relationship between the more important alloy systems in the Metrode range
of alloyed welding consumables. This book is also based on the Metrode
Technical Handbook, which has been a cornerstone of Metrode’s technical
support package for almost 40 years, and for which the author, as Technical
Director, was responsible from 1981 to 2000. This book would not have been
possible without the considerable help, support and encouragement of col-
leagues Adam Marshall, Chief Metallurgist, and Graham Holloway, Techni-
cal Support Engineer, who have helped both with the technical content and
the proofing of this book.
However, final responsibility for the contents and for any errors or omis-
sions rests solely with the author.