The AHA Guidelines and Scientific Statements Handbook

385 Pages·2009·5.85 MB·English

by  Valentin Fuster MD PhD

The AHA Guidelines and Scientifi c Statements Handbook
The AHA Guidelines and Scientif ic Statements Handbook
Edited by Valentin Fuster © 2009 American Heart Association
ISBN: 978-1-405-18463-2
The AHA Guidelines and
Scientifi c Statements Handbook
Edited by
Valentin Fuster
Mount Sinai School of Medicine
One Gustave Levy Place
Box 1030
New York
USA
A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication
This edition fi rst published 2009, © 2009 American Heart Association
American Heart Association National Center, 7272 Greenville Avenue, Dallas, TX 75231, USA
For further information on the American Heart Association:
www.americanheart.org
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The AHA guidelines and scientifi c statements handbook / edited by Valentin Fuster.
p. ; cm.
ISBN 978-1-4051-8463-2
1. Heart–Diseases–Treatment–Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Cardiology–Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Fuster,
Valentin. II. American Heart Association. III. Title: Guidelines and statements handbook.
[DNLM: 1. Heart Diseases–therapy–Practice Guideline. 2. Heart Diseases–diagnosis–Practice Guideline. 3. Heart
Diseases–prevention & control–Practice Guideline. 4. Practice Guidelines as Topic. WG 210 A285 2009]
RC669.15.A39 2009
616.1′2–dc22
2008030329
ISBN: 9781405184632
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Set in 9.25 on 12 pt Minion by SNP Best-set Typesetter Ltd., Hong Kong
Printed in Singapore by Fabulous Printers Pte Ltd
1 2009
Contents
Contributors vii
Preface x
1 Chronic Stable Angina 1
Theodore D. Fraker, Stephan D. Fihn, and Raymond J. Gibbons
2 Unstable Angina/Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction 25
Jeffrey L. Anderson and Nanette Kass Wenger
3 ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction 46
Elliott M. Antman
4 Cardiac Rehabilitation and Secondary Prevention Programs 91
Mark A. Williams and Gary J. Balady
5 Secondary Prevention for Patients With Coronary and Other Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease 108
Sidney C. Smith, Jr.
6 Percutaneous Coronary Intervention 117
Sidney C. Smith, Jr.
7 Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery 134
Cullen D. Morris, Kim Eagle, Robert A. O’Rourke, and Robert A. Guyton
8 Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation and Care for Noncardiac Surgery 152
Lee A. Fleisher
9 Lower Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease 165
Alan T. Hirsch and Ziv J. Haskal
10 Cholesterol Management in the Context of Risk Factor Profi le 187
Scott M. Grundy
11 Hypertension 196
Clive Rosendorff
12 Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Women 214
Kathy Berra and Nanette Kass Wenger
13 Heart Failure 223
Sharon A. Hunt and Mariell Jessup
14 Cardiomyopathies 236
Barry J. Maron
v
Contents
15 Atrial Fibrillation 244
Valentin Fuster and Lars Rydén
16 Supraventricular Arrhythmias 255
Carina Blomström-Lundqvist and Melvin Scheinman
17 Ventricular Arrhythmias and Sudden Cardiac Death 270
A. John Camm and Douglas P. Zipes
18 Valvular Heart Disease 293
Robert O. Bonow
19 Infective Endocarditis 312
Larry M. Baddour, Kathryn A. Taubert, Michael H. Gewitz, and Walter R. Wilson
20 Cardiac CT Imaging 336
Matthew J. Budoff and Allen J. Taylor
Appendix Update on Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery: Current and Future Trends 347
Robert A. O’Rourke
Other Statements Published in 2008 353
Index 355
COI Table 373
vi
List of Contributors
Jeffrey L. Anderson, MD, FACC, FAHA Kathy Berra, MSN, ANP, FAAN, FAHA
Association Chief of Cardiology Stanford Prevention Research Center
Cardiology Department Stanford University Medical School
LDS Hospital Hoover Pavilion, Room N229
8th Avenue C Street 211 Quarry Road N241
Salt Lake City, UT 84143-0001, USA Stanford, CA 94305-5705, USA
Elliott M. Antman, MD, FAHA Carina Blomström-Lundqvist, MD
Professor of Medicine Department of Cardiology
Harvard Medical School Uppsala University Hospital
Director, CCU S-751 85 Uppsala
Cardiovascular Division Sweden
Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Senior Investigator Robert O. Bonow, MD, MACC, FAHA
TIMI Study Group Goldberg Distinguished Professor
75 Francis Street Northwestern University Feinberg School of
Boston, MA 02115-6106, USA Medicine
Chief, Division of Cardiology
Larry M. Baddour, MD Co-Director, Bluhm Cardiovascular Institute
Professor of Medicine Northwestern Memorial Hospital
Mayo Clinic 201 East Huron Street, Suite 10-240
200 1st. Street SW Chicago, IL 60611-2996, USA
Rochester, MN 55905-0002, USA
Matthew J. Budoff, MD, FAHA, FACC
Gary J. Balady, MD, FAHA Association Professor of Medicine
Director, Non Invasive Cardiac Labs Division of Cardiology
Director, Preventive Cardiology Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at
Boston Medical Center Harbor-UCLA
Professor of Medicine 1124 West Carson Street, RB2
Boston University School of Medicine Torrance, CA 90502-2006, USA
883 East Newton Street
Boston, MA 02118-2308, USA
vii
Contributors
John Camm, MD Michael H. Gewitz, MD, FAHA
Professor of Clinical Cardiology Physician-in-Chief/Executive Director
Division of Cardiac and Vascular Sciences Maria Fareri Children’s Hospital at Westchester
St. George’s University of London Medical Center
Cranmer Terrace Professor and Vice Chair, Pediatrics
London, SW17 0RE Chief, Pediatric Cardiology
United Kingdom New York Medical College
Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
Kim A. Eagle, MD, FACC
Albion Walter Hewlett Professor of Internal Raymond J. Gibbons, MD, FAHA
Medicine Professor of Medicine
Chief of Clinical Cardiology Mayo Clinic Fnd.- Gonda
Director, Cardiovascular Center 200 1st Street SW
University of Michigan Cardiovascular Center Rochester, MN 55905-0001, USA
1500 East Medical Drive, Suite 2131
Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5852, USA Scott M. Grundy, MD, PhD, FAHA
Director, Center for Human Nutrition
Stephan D. Fihn, MD, MPH, FACP UT Southwestern Medical Center
Chief Quality and Performance Offi cer Department of Clinical Nutrition
Department of Veterans Affairs 5323 Harry Hines Building
1100 Olive Way STE 1400 Dallas, TX 75390-7200, USA
Seattle, WA 98101-3801, USA
Robert A. Guyton, MD
Professor and Chief, Division of Cardiothoracic
Lee A. Fleisher, MD, FACC, FAHA
Surgery
Robert Dunning Dripps Professor and Chair
Department of Surgery
Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care
Emory University School of Medicine
Professor of Medicine
1365 Clifton Road NE
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Atlanta, GA 30322-1013, USA
3400 Spruce Street, Suite 680 Dulles
Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
Ziv J. Haskal, MD, FAHA, FSIR, FACR
Professor and Vice Chair, Radiology
Theodore D. Fraker, Jr., MD, FACC
Chief, Division of Interventional Radiology
Professor of Clinical Medicine
University of Maryland School of Medicine
Associate Division Director for Clinical Affairs and
22 E Greene Street
Operations
Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine
The Ohio State University College of Medicine Alan T. Hirsch, MD
248 Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, 473 Division of Epidemiology and Community Health
West 12th Avenue School of Public Health
Columbus, OH 43210, USA University of Minnesota
1300 South 2nd Street, Suite 300
Valentin Fuster, MD, PhD, FAHA Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
Mount Sinai School of Medicine
One Gustave Levy Place Sharon A. Hunt, MD, FACC, FAHA
Box 1030 Professor, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine
New York, NY, USA Stanford University
300 Pasteur Drive, Falk CVRB
Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
viii
Contributors
Mariell Jessup MD, FAHA, FACC Sidney C. Smith, Jr., MD, FAHA
Professor of Medicine Professor of Medicine
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Heart Failure/Transplant Program Center for Cardiovascular Science and Medicine
3400 Spruce Street CB # 7075, 6th Floor Burnett Womack Building
Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA 99 Manning Drive
Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7075, USA
Barry J. Maron, MD, FACC
Director, Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center Kathryn A. Taubert, PhD, FAHA
Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation Adjunct Professor, U Texas Southwestern Medical
920 East 28th. Street, Suite 620 School
Minneapolis, MN 55407-1157, USA Senior Scientist, American Heart Association
AHA National Center
Cullen D. Morris, MD 7272 Greenville Avenue
Assistant Professor of Surgery (Cardiothoracic) Dallas, TX 75231, USA
The Emory Clinic, Inc.
Allen J. Taylor, MD, FAHA
Medical Director of Cardiothoracic Surgery
Chief, Cardiology Service, Professor of Medicine
Athens Regional Medical Center
Walter Reed Army Medical Center
1270 Prince Ave., Suite 303
6900 Georgia Avenue, NW
Athens, GA 30606, USA
Building 2, Room 4A34
Washington, DC 20307-5001, USA
Robert A. O’Rourke, MD, MACP, MACC, FAHA
Professor of Medicine Emeritus
Nanette Kass Wenger, MD, FAHA
University of Texas Health Science Center
Professor of Medicine (Cardiology)
116 Village Circle
Emory University School of Medicine
San Antonio, TX 78232-2827, USA
Chief of Cardiology
Clive Rosendorff, MD, PhD, DScMed, FAHA Grady Memorial Hospital
Mount Sinai School of Medicine Consultant, Emory Heart and Vascular Center
and the James J. Peters VA Medical Center 49 Jesse Hill Jr. Drive, SE
130 West Kingsbridge Road Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
Bronx, NY 10468-3904, USA
Mark A. Williams, PhD, FACSM, FAACVPR
Lars Rydén, MD, FRCP, FESC Director, CVD Prevention and Rehabilitation
Department of Cardiology Cardiac Center of Creighton University
Karolinska University Hospital 3006 Webster Street
171 76 Stockholm Omaha, NE 68131-2027, USA
Sweden
Walter R. Wilson, MD
Professor of Medicine
Melvin Scheinman, MD
Mayo Clinic
University of California, San Francisco
200 1st Street SW
500 Parnassus Avenue
Rochester, MN 55905-0002, USA
San Francisco, CA 94143-2203, USA
Douglas P. Zipes, MD, FAHA
Distinguished Professor
Indiana University School of Medicine
Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Suite E315
1800 North Capitol Avenue
Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
ix
Preface
The American Heart Association (AHA) has pro- This schema is summarized in the table on the facing
duced science consistently for over 75 years. And for page, which also illustrates how the grading system
over 25 years, based on the best scientifi c medical provides an estimate of the size of the treatment effect
evidence, the AHA has produced guidelines with the and an estimate of the certainty of the treatment
American College of Cardiology Foundation, as well effect. In trying to mimic the signifi cance of the green,
as scientifi c statements, with a direct interest in yellow and red lights that guide the circulation of the
ensuring that all patients receive a good quality stan- vehicles, “The AHA Guidelines and Scientifi c State-
dard of cardiovascular care. Thus, the AHA is con- ments Handbook” also uses similar colors in its
stantly looking for ways to improve adherence to recommendations. Thus, Class I or “must do” recom-
guidelines by caregivers since heart disease, stroke, mendations are titled in green text; Class IIa and IIb
and other cardiovascular diseases remain the No. 1 or respectively “it is appropriate” and “it is not inap-
killer in the United States and a leading cause of propriate” recommendations are titled in yellow text;
permanent disability worldwide [1]. and Class III or “must not do” recommendations are
Although adherence to guidelines should improve titled in red. Also, within the context of a user-
patient care and outcomes, many studies have shown friendly and practical format, searching at the index,
that the standard of care as defi ned by guidelines and for example, for the word “angina,” automatically will
statements does not suffi ciently reach patients [2–4]. guide you to the various guidelines and statements
Accordingly, our objective is to try to enhance edu- that deal with “angina.”
cation of caregivers through this simple and I cannot conclude this brief introduction without
user-friendly, summarized and updated “The AHA expressing my sincere thanks to all of the authors of
Guidelines and Scientifi c Statements Handbook” so the parent committees who, with their time and
that they may easily adhere to it and fi nd it useful to effort, contributed to the original guidelines and
improve patient care and outcomes. Most of the statements; and, of course, I am particularly grateful
recent AHA guidelines and statements are summa- to the authors of the handbook, who all served on
rized and presented here, all in one text. We have also the parent committees and very generously contrib-
asked authors to provide a “future directions” section uted to this project by meeting a very tight schedule.
on each chapter, to expand upon recent trials and I warmly thank my collaborators at the American
research that might affect guidelines in the future. Heart Association and Wiley-Blackwell for meeting
When appropriate, a brief comparison to other once a week in a conference call at 5.30 am , and
guidelines (usually from the European Society of I am particularly grateful to Ms Heather Goodell,
Cardiology) is also provided, indicated in purple text. Ms Kate Newell and Mr Oliver Walter. Finally, I
Furthermore, also refer to the website for this book, would like to express my deepest appreciation to the
www.Wiley.com/go/AHAGuidelineHandbook, as it American Heart Association for giving me the
will be sequentially updated with the latest statements opportunity to serve as Editor of this fi rst edition of
and guideline news as well as providing succinct and “The AHA Guidelines and Scientifi c Statements
helpful bibliographies. Handbook”. Hopefully, this is the beginning of a
In terms of format, the ACC/AHA Task Force on useful educational tool for the healthcare commu-
Practice Guidelines have established schema for clas- nity and, most importantly, for the promotion of
sifi cation of recommendations and level of evidence. cardiovascular health in our patients.
x