The agronomy and economy of turmeric and ginger: the invaluable medicinal spice crops

537 Pages·2013·5.504 MB·English

by  K P Prabhakaran Nair

The Agronomy and Economy of Turmeric and Ginger
This page intentionally left blank
The Agronomy and Economy
of Turmeric and Ginger
The Invaluable Medicinal Spice Crops
K.P. Prabhakaran Nair
Director, Rallis India Ltd (A Tata Group), India
AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON • NEW YORK • OXFORD
PARIS • SAN DIEGO • SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO
Elsevier
32 Jamestown Road London NW1 7BY
225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage
and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to
seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our
arrangement with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright
Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the
Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and
experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or
medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in
evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein.
In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the
safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors,
assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of
products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods,
products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
ISBN: 978-0-12-394801-4
For information on all Elsevier publications
visit our website at store.elsevier.com
This book has been manufactured using Print On Demand technology. Each copy is
produced to order and is limited to black ink. The online version of this book will show color
figures where appropriate.
This book, written under very trying circumstances, is dedicated to
my wife, Pankajam, a Nematologist trained in Europe, but one who
gave up her profession, and instead, chose to be a homemaker
almost four decades ago, when we had our son and daughter.
She is my all, and she sustains me in this difficult journey,
that is, life.
This page intentionally left blank
Contents
Acknowledgments xxi
1 Turmeric: Origin and History 1
Area and Production 2
Global Turmeric Scenario 3
References 5
2 The Botany of Turmeric 7
Origin and Distribution 7
Turmeric Taxonomy 7
Taxonomic Investigations in Curcuma 8
Use of Isoenzymes 10
Molecular Markers 11
Morphology of Turmeric 13
Habit 13
Leaves 13
Epidermis 14
Hypodermis 14
Mesophyll 14
Vascular Bundles 14
Leaf Sheath 15
Rhizome 15
Nodes and Internodes 15
Aerial Shoot 16
Shoot Apex 16
Roots 16
Root Epidermis and Cortex Originate from Single Tier of
Common Initials 17
Turmeric Rhizome—its Developmental Anatomy 17
Inflorescence, Flower, Fruit, and Seed Set 18
Germination of Seed and Establishment of Seedling Progenies 19
The Curcuma Cytology 20
The Curcuma Karyomorphology 20
The Curcuma Meiotic Investigations 23
viii Contents
The Curcuma Nuclear DNA Content 23
Chromosome Number in Curcuma Seedling Progenies 24
Turmeric Crop Improvement 24
Clonal Selection in Turmeric 25
Turmeric Improvement by Seedling Selection 25
Mutation and Selection Induced Crop Improvement in Turmeric 25
Hybridization and Selection in Turmeric 28
References 28
3 Genetics of Turmeric 33
The Diversity of Turmeric Species 34
Curcuma spp.—Its Characterization 36
Molecular Characterization 36
The Diversity in Turmeric Cultivars 37
Genetic Variability in Turmeric 39
The Conservation and Management of Turmeric Genetic Resources 40
Biodiversity and GIS Technology 41
Turmeric and Intellectual Property Rights 42
Controversial Patent Cases Involving Turmeric and Traditional Knowledge 43
Protection of Plant Varieties 43
Geographical Indications 44
References 44
4 The Chemistry of Turmeric 47
Turmeric Oil 47
Turmeric Oleoresin 47
Microencapsulation of Oleoresin 48
Volatiles of Turmeric 48
The Constituents of Volatile Oils 48
Turmeric Turmerones 49
Turmeric Curcuminoids 51
Specific Beneficial Properties of Curcuminoids 53
Extraction and Estimation of Curcumin 53
Biosynthesis of Curcuminoids 54
References 56
5 The Biotechnology of Turmeric 61
Tissue Culture 61
Explants and Media 61
Callus Induction 64
In Vitro Screening 65
Exchange of Turmeric Germplasm and In Vitro Conservation 66
Cryopreservation 66
In Vitro Mutagenesis 67
In Vitro Pollination 67
Contents ix
Microrhizomes 67
Molecular Markers 69
Molecular Characterization and Diversity Investigations 69
Checking Adulteration and Purity Assessment 71
Genetic Fidelity and Identification of SCV 72
Early Flowering 73
Genetic Transformation 73
References 73
6 The Agronomy of Turmeric 79
Soil and Climate Suitability 79
Propagation of the Crop 79
Seed Rhizome 79
Transplantation 81
Crop Season 82
Planting 82
Treating the Seed Stock 82
Preparatory Tillage 83
Planting Method 83
Depth of Planting 84
Plant Geometry 84
Intercultivation Practices 85
Mulching Practices 85
Hilling 86
Weed Management 87
Cropping Pattern 89
Harvesting 90
Storage of Seed Rhizome 91
References 91
7 Nutrition and Nutrient Management in Turmeric 97
Soil Tests and Nutrient Availability 97
Nutrient Requirement and Uptake 97
Manuring of Turmeric 99
Inorganic Fertilization 99
Effect of Micronutrients on Turmeric Production 103
The Role of Organic Manures in Turmeric Production 104
Organic Farming 105
Biofertilizers 108
The Role of Growth Regulators in Turmeric Production 109
References 109
8 Turmeric Entomology 115
Major Insect Pests 115
Distribution 115