The age of the Crusades : the Near East from the eleventh century to 1517

265 Pages·2013·13.091 MB·English

by  Holt, Peter Malcolm

THEAGE OF THE CRUSADES
TheNearEast from the eleventhcenturyto 1517
of
A History the Near East
General Editor: Professor P M. Holt
* The Prophet and the Age ofthe Caliphates: the Islamic Near East
from the sixth to the eleventh century
Hugh Kennedy
* TheAge ofthe Crusades: the Near East from the eleventh century
to 1517
R M. Holt
The Rise ofthe Ottoman Empire 1300-1574
C. Kafadar
The Decline ofthe Ottoman Empire 1574-1792
R. C. Repp and G. Piterberg
* The Making ofthe Modern Near East 1792-1923
M. E. Yapp
* The Near East since the FirstWorldWar.A History to 1995
Second Edition
M. E. Yapp
* Medieval Persia 1040-1797
DavidMorgan
* Alreadypublished
of
The Age the
Crusades
The Near East from the eleventh
century to 1517
P. M. Holt
~ ~~o~~~~n~~~up
LONDON AND NEWYORK
Firstpublished1986byAddisonWesleyLongmanLimited
Eighthimpression1997 '
Published2013byRoutledge
2ParkSquare,MiltonPark,Abingdon, OxonOX144RN
711ThirdAvenue,NewYork,NY10017,USA
RoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninformabusiness
Copyright©1986,Taylor&Francis.
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereprintedorreproducedor
utilisedinanyformorbyanyelectronic,mechanical,orothermeans,now
knownorhereafterinvented,includingphotocopyingandrecording, orinany
informationstorageorretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfrom
thepublishers.
Notices
Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewre
searchandexperiencebroadenourunderstanding,changesinresearchmeth
ods,professionalpractices,ormedicaltreatmentmaybecomenecessary.
Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperience and
knowledgeinevaluatingandusinganyinformation,methods,compounds,or
experimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuchinformationormethodsthey
shouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyofothers,includingpar
tiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility.
Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors, contrib
utors,oreditors,assumeanyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersons
orpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligenceorotherwise, orfrom
anyuseoroperationofanymethods,products,instructions,orideascon
tainedinthematerialherein.
ISBN13:978-0-582-49302-5 (pbk)
BritishLibrary Cataloguingin Publication Data
Hot,~M.
Theageofthe crusades:the NearEastfrom the eleventhcenturyto 1517.
- (AHistoryofthe NearEast)
1.Crusades 2.IslamicEmpire- History
750-12583.IslamicEmpire- History
1258-1517
1.TitleII.Series
956'.01 DS38.6
Library ofCongress Cataloguingin PublicationData
Holt:P.M.(peter Malcolm)
TheAgeofthe Crusades.
(AHistoryofthe NearEast)
Bibliography: p.
Includes index
1.IslamicEmpire- History. 1.Title II.Series
DS38.3.H65 1986 909'.097671 84-27801
ISBN o-S82-49303-x
ISBN 0-49302-1 (pbk.)
Setin 10/12ptVIP Bembo
Contents
ListofGenealogical Tables Vll
ListojMaps VIll
Foreword ix
Acknowledgements x
Note:Names, TitlesandDates Xl
Introduction:TheLandsand theirPeoples 1
1 TheNearEast on the Eveofthe FirstCrusade 9
2 TheFirstCrusade1095-1099 16
3 TheFrankishStates and the MuslimResponse1099-1128 23
4 OutremeranditsPeople 31
5 Zangiand NilraI-Din1128-1154 38
6 NiiraI-Dinandthe Rise ofSaladin1154-1174 46
7 TheAscendancyofSaladin1174-1193 53
8 TheLaterAyyubids 1193-1249 60
9 Institutionsfromthe Seljukidsto the Ayyubids 67
10 TheInaugurationofthe MamlukSultanate1249-1260 82
11 TheReignofal-~ahirBaybars1260-1277 90
12 TheEstablishmentofthe KalavunidDynasty1277-1293 99
13 TheReignofal-NasirMuhammad (1) 107
TheUsurpations1293-1310
14 TheReignofal-NasirMuhammad (2) 114
TheAutocracy1310-1341
15 TheLaterKalavunidsandthe CircassianSuccession
1341-1399 121
16 EgyptandNubiato the late FourteenthCentury 130
17 InstitutionsoftheMamlukSultanate 138
-18 DiplomaticandCommercialRelationsofthe Mamluk
Sultanate 155
v
Contents
19 TheSeljukSultanateofRiimand its Successors 167
20 TheMamlukSultanatein Decline (1) 178
TheSons andHouseholdofBarkuk1399-1461
21 TheMamlukSultanatein Decline(2) 192
TheLaterCircassianMamlukSultans1461-1517
Conclusion:Retrospectand Prospect 203
BibliographicalSurvey 207
Glossary 221
Genealogical Tables 226
Afaps 232
Index 236
VI
of
List Genealogical Tables
1 TheRoyalHouseofJerusalemto 1192 226
2 TheRoyalHouseofJerusalem, 1192-1291 227
3 TheAyyubidsofEgypt, Damascusand Aleppo 228
4 AI-~a1i1}.Ayyiiband the EarlyMamlukSultans 229
5 TheHouseofKalavun 230
6 TheCircassianMamlukSultans 231
Vll
List ofMaps
1 TheWesternFertileCrescent (northernhalf) 232
2 TheWesternFertileCrescent (southernhalf) 233
3 TheNileValleyandRed Sea 234
4 Anatoliaand the NorthernFertileCrescent 235
viii
Foreword
This volumeis intended to offerthe studentand thegeneral reader an
accountofthepoliticalhistoryoftheeasternMediterraneanlandsfrom
theeve oftheFirstCrusadein thelateeleventhcenturyto theOttoman
conquest of Syria and Egypt in 1516-17. Although much has been
writtenonsomeaspectsofthisperiod,notablytheCrusades,for which
Europeansourcesareabundant,othershavebeenleftinobscurity;there
is, for example, no comprehensivemoderntreatmentin Englishofthe
Mamluk sultanate, although this was the great power ofthe eastern
Mediterraneanfor twohundredyearsandmore.Itisstilltruetodaythat
anygeneralsurvey ofdevelopmentsin thesecenturiesmustbe uneven
in its treatment, sometimes because of an actual lack of primary
source-materials,andoftenbecauseoftheirregularprogressofresearch
and publicationin various parts ofthe field. My hopeis, nevertheless,
that this book will serve as an introduction to a fascinating period,
relevantin onerespectto thehistoryofmedievalEurope, whoserulers
sharedmanyofthepoliticalandadministrativeproblemsoftheirMus
lim counterparts, in another to that ofthe modern Near East, whose
peoples are the heirs ofthe region's past.
Mythanksare particularlydueto myformercolleague,ProfessorV.
L. Menage, for his advice on the forms of Mamluk names. For
anomalies and errors in this as in other matters, the responsibility is
mine.
P. M. HOLT
Kirtlington
November 1984
IX