Table Of ContentTHE AGE OF PITHECANTHROPUS
THE AGE
OF
PITHECANTHROPUS
BY
Dr. Ir. L. J. C. VAN ES
Corr. Member of the Royal Academy of Science Amsterdam
Member of the Board of Natural Sciences Netherlands Indies
Member of the International Committee of Big Reservoir Dams
WITH 11 MAPS AND 4 PLATES
Springer-Science +B usiness Media, B. V.
1931
Additional material to this book can be downloaded from http://extras.springer. com
ISBN 978-94-017-5674-7 ISBN 978-94-017-5974-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-5974-8
I dedicate this book to:
Professor Dr. E. Dubois
Professor Dr. K. Martin
Professor Dr. G. A. F. Molengraajj
The Author
ANALYSIS OF THE CONTENTS
I INTRODUCTION
I. Pithecanthropus erectus . 1
2. Eoanthropus dawsoni . 2
3. Sinanthropus pekingensis 3
4. Homo heide1bergensis . 4
II THE PROBLEM OF THE AGE THE TRINIL BEDS
I. Orogenic movements 6
2. Volcanism. 8
3. River terraces . 8
4. Culture remains 8
5. The anatomical features of Pithecanthropus erec-
tus. 9
6. The process of fossilization 9
7. Marine molluscs 10
8. Fresh-water molluscs . 10
9. Plant remains 11
10. Vertebrates . 11
.
II. Climate. 14
III THE DISTRIBUTION OF FOSSIL VERTEBRATES
I. Bodjonglopang 15
2. Tjitarum . . . . . 15
3. Baribis ..... . 15
4. Kromong mountains 16
5. Tjidjurai . . . . . 16
6. K. Glagah near Bumiaju 16
7. Madjenang 17
8. Idju ....... . 17
9. Sentolo ...... . 17
10. Tjandi hill, Semarang . 17
II. Ngembak hill . . . . 17
VIII ANALYSIS OF THE CONTENTS
12. Purwodadi. 18
13. Patihajam 18
14. Tjepu 18
15. Northern border of the Kendeng mountains,
a. Randublatung 19
b. Tinggang 19
c. Dander. 19
d. Bareng-Tondomuljo . 19
16. Southern border of the Kendeng mountains
a. Sangiran . 19
b. Baringinan . 20
c. Solo river between Gesi and Ngawi 20
d. The region from Ngawi to Redjuno 20
e. Kedungbrubus-Kedunglembu . 20
f· Tritik-Bangle 21
g. Putjangan-Suruh-Kedamean 21
IV PRINCIPLES CONCERNING THE STRATIGRAPHICAL DIVI-
SION OF THE TERTIARY AND QUATERNARY BEDS IN JAVA
1. Foraminifera 22
2. Marine molluscs 25
3. Fresh-water molluscs 29
4. Vertebrates 29
V SEALEVEL VARIATIONS
1. Tertiary 33
2. Quaternary
a. Pleistocene . 33
b. Recent 35
VI DESCRIPTION OF REGIONS INVESTIGATED
1. Baribis . 37
2. Tjidjadjar . 43
3. Tjidjurai 46
4. Waled 47
5. Bumiaju 48
6. Mt. Patih-Ajam 52
7. Sangiran 55
8. Kaliuter 68
9. Baringinan 72
ANALYSIS OF THE CONTENTS IX
10. Soloriver between Gesi and Ngawi (Trinil) 75
11. Southern border of Kendeng mountains between
Ngawi and Redjuno .. . . . . . . . . . . 81
12. Kendeng mountains in the vicinity of Mt. Pan-
dan ., ........... . 84
13. Kendeng mountains N. of Djombang 108
VII SYNOPSIS OF THE STRATIGRAPHY
1. Upper Miocene, stage Tertiary f. 123
2. Upper Miocene, stage Tertiary g. 123
a. Gray Globigerina marls 123
b. White Globigerina marls 123
c. Globigerina limestone 124
d. Coral limestone . 124
e. Transition marls 124
3. Lower Pliocene 125
4. Middle Pliocene 126
a. Conglomeratic limestone, Bedded limestone
and Balanus limestone . 126
b. Argillaceous and sandy beds. 126
5. Upper Pliocene 127
6. Pleistocene 130
a. River conglomerates, sands, tuffs, volcanic
breccias (T rinil beds) 130
b. Tuffs, volcanic breccias, sandstones 131
7. Holocene . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
8. The vertical distribution of vertebrates 131
a. Middle Pliocene. 131
b. Upper Pliocene . . . 132
c. Pleistocene. . . . . 133
VIII THE AGE OF PITHECANTHROPUS 134
LITERATURE 138
LIST OF MAPS AND SECTIONS
a. Distribution of Molluscs and Vertebrates in Scale:
Java ................ . 1 : 4.000.000
b. Geological map of Baribis (Section A-B &
C-D) ................ . 1 : 50.000
x ANALYSIS OF THE CONTENTS
c. Section of the mollusc-bearing beds at Tji-
djurai ................ . 1 : 5.000
d. Geological map of Mt. Patihajam (Section
A-B) ................ . 1 : 25.000
e. Dome of Sangiran near Kalioso (Section A-B 1 : 20.000
I. Geological map of Kaliuter ., . . . .. 1 : 25.000
g. Geological map of the neighbourhood of Ba-
ringinan ..............•. 1 : 50.000
h. Map of Solo river from Gesi to Ngawi . . . 1 : 100.000
~. Geological map of Kendeng mountains bet
ween Ngawi and Redjuno (Section A-B) . . 1 : 50.000
i.
Geological map of Kendeng mountains in the
vicinity of Mt. Pandan (Sections a-b-c-d~,
f-g, h-k, I-m-n-<>, p-q-r, s-t-u-v-w, x-y) 1 : 50.000
k. Geological map of part of Kendeng hills
North of Djombang-Modjokerto (Sections
A'-B' , A-B-C, D-E, F-G-H" I-J K-M-N-
0, P-Q, R-S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 : 50.000
1) On several maps the Dutch orthography has been used for topographical
names (oe is to be read as u).
") In the index of various maps and sections the word moUuscs is erroneously
spelt with a k.
PREFACE
The authors interest in the problem of the age of Pithecan
thropus was first roused by several discussions held with the late
Professor Dr. L. Bolk of Amsterdam, during the authors stay in
Holland in 1924.
It was again stimulated, after investigations regarding the oc
currence of Vertebrates had started, by a visit of the late Pro
fessor Dr. William D. Matthew of Berkeley University (then still
of the Museum of Natural History of New York), whom the author
had the honour to accompany officially on a trip over Java in
1926
The present publishing of the outcome of these investigations
is the fullfillment of a promise given to Professor Dr. Elliot Smith
of London, Professor Dr. Davidson Black of Peking, Professor
Dr. A. N. Burkitt of Sydney and Professor Dr. Shellshear of
Hongkong at an unofficial excursion to Sangiran in Northern
Suracarta during the 4th Pacific Science Congress held in Java in
1929.
The author wants to express his special gratitude to Ir. A. C. de
Jongh, Chief of the Geological Survey of the Netherlands In
dies, firstly, for allowing the author - apart of his official work
to continue his investigations regarding the age of the beds in
which Vertebrates occur, secondly, for his permission to have the
maps and sections prepared for publishing by the Drawing Bu
reau of the Geological Survey and, thirdly for his allowing Dr. R.
von Koenigswald - to whom hereby many thanks are expressed
- to assist the author in determining the collections of Molluscs.
During 1930 and 1931 the author was enthusiastically assisted
by the Geologists and Mining Engineers of his staff in collecting
field evidence. Special thanks are due to Dr. J. M. W. Nash and
Dip!. Ing. H. Herold. The author is certainly not less gratefull to
Dr. Dip!. Ing. K. G. Schmidt, who even more closely assisted the
