Table Of ContentRethinking Peace and Conflict Studies
Series Editor: Oliver P. Richmond, Professor, School of International Relations,
University of St. Andrews, UK
Editorial Board: R oland Bleiker, University of Queensland, Australia; Henry F. Carey,
Georgia State University, USA; Costas Constantinou, University of Keele, UK;
A.J.R. Groom, University of Kent, UK; V ivienne Jabri, King’s College London, UK;
Edward Newman, University of Birmingham, UK; S orpong Peou, Sophia University,
Japan; Caroline Kennedy-Pipe, University of Sheffield, UK; P rofessor Michael Pugh,
University of Bradford, UK; C handra Sriram, University of East London, UK;
Ian Taylor, University of St. Andrews, UK; A lison Watson, University of St. Andrews,
UK; R .B.J. Walker, University of Victoria, Canada; A ndrew Williams, University of St.
Andrews, UK.
Titles include:
Sofia Sebastián Aparicio
POST-WAR STATEBUILDING AND CONSTITUTIONAL REFORM IN DIVIDED SOCIETIES
Beyond Dayton in Bosnia
Roland Bleiker
AESTHETICS AND WORLD POLITICS
Thushara Dibley
PARTNERSHIPS, POWER AND PEACEBUILDING
NGOs as Agents of Peace in Aceh and Timor-Leste
Claire Duncanson
FORCES FOR GOOD?
Military Masculinities and Peacebuilding in Afghanistan and Iraq
Kirsten Fisher
TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE FOR CHILD SOLDIERS
Accountability and Social Reconstruction in Post-Conflict Contexts
Daria Isachenko
THE MAKING OF INFORMAL STATES
Statebuilding in Northern Cyprus and Transdniestria
Stefanie Kappler
LOCAL AGENCY AND PEACEBUILDING
EU and International Engagement in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Cyprus and South Africa
Roger Mac Ginty
INTERNATIONAL PEACEBUILDING AND LOCAL RESISTANCE
Hybrid Forms of Peace
Sara McDowell and Maire Braniff
COMMEMORATION AS CONFLICT
Space, Memory and Identity in Peace Processes
SM Farid Mirbagheri
WAR AND PEACE IN ISLAM
A Critique of Islamic/ist Political Discourses
Audra L. Mitchell
LOST IN TRANSFORMATION
Violent Peace and Peaceful Conflict in Northern Ireland
Frank Möller
VISUAL PEACE
Images, Spectatorship and the Politics of Violence
Chavanne L. Peercy
LOCAL LEADERSHIP IN DEMOCRATIC TRANSITION
Michael Pugh
LIBERAL INTERNATIONALISM
The Interwar Movement for Peace in Britain
Oliver P. Richmond and Audra Mitchell ( editors)
HYBRID FORMS OF PEACE
From Everyday Agency to Post-Liberalism
Amaia Sánchez-Cacicedo
BUILDING STATES, BUILDING PEACE
Global and Regional Involvement in Sri Lanka and Myanmar
Emil Souleimanov
UNDERSTANDING ETHNOPOLITICAL CONFLICT
Karabakh, South Ossetia and Abkhazia Wars Reconsidered
Lynn M. Tesser
ETHNIC CLEANSING AND THE EUROPEAN UNION
An Interdisciplinary Approach to Security, Memory, and Ethnography
Mandy Turner and Omar Shweiki ( editors)
DECOLONISING PALESTINIAN POLITICAL ECONOMY
De-development and Beyond
Rethinking Peace and Conflict Studies
Series Standing Order ISBN 978–1–403–99575–9 (hardback) & 978–1–403–99576–6 (paperback)
You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please
contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name
and address, the title of the series and one of the ISBNs quoted above.
Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire
RG21 6XS, England.
The African Union’s Role in
Peacekeeping
Building on Lessons Learned
from Security Operations
Isiaka A. Badmus
© Isiaka A. Badmus 2015
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2015 978-1-137-42660-4
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this
publication may be made without written permission.
No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted
save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence
permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency,
Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS.
Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication
may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.
The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work
in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
First published 2015 by
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN
Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited,
registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke,
Hampshire RG21 6XS.
Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC,
175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010.
Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies
and has companies and representatives throughout the world.
Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States,
the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries.
ISBN 978-1-349-49087-5 ISBN 978-1-137-42661-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1057/9781137426611
This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully
managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing
processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the
country of origin.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Badmus, Isiaka, 1967–
The African Union's role in peacekeeping : building on lessons learned
from security operations / Isiaka Badmus.
pages cm.—(Rethinking peace and conflict studies)
1. Peacekeeping forces – Africa. 2. Peace-building – Africa.
3. African Union. I. Title.
JZ6377.A35B33 2015
341.5984—dc23 2015001283
In memory of
My mother, Mrs Ramotu Aduke Gbadamoshi
and
Mr Oyedokun Bolanle Ismail, Mrs Bolanle ’Shola Sherifat
(née Sulaiman) and Miss Kate Ebelechukwu Ijeh
This page intentionally left blank
Contents
Acknowledgements viii
L ist of Abbreviations xi
Introduction 1
1 Conceptual Framework and Some Background Issues 1 8
2 The Rise of African Union Regionalism 5 3
3 The African Peace and Security Architecture 8 4
4 The African Mission in Burundi 112
5 The African Union Mission in Somalia 1 39
6 The African Union/United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur 1 78
Conclusions: What Works, What Doesn’t and Why? 216
Notes 2 35
Bibliography 2 48
Index 2 69
vii
Acknowledgements
I acknowledge with gratitude the research funding provided by the
Australian government through its Endeavour International Postgraduate
Research Scholarship (Endeavour IPRS); the University of New England,
Australia (UNE) for the UNE Research Scholarship, the Keith and Dorothy
Mackay Travelling Scholarship for my field research in Africa and Australia.
I also thank the School of Humanities for awarding me a Research Support
Grant from the Peace Fund for my field research. For all these sources of
funds, I am very grateful.
During the period when this book was conceived, I was based in the School
of Humanities at UNE. This book is the product of a six-year research process
combined with enriching and transforming life experiences. I am indebted
to many people who have inspired and supported me on this journey of
discovery. Those people who supported me in the process of writing this
book are far too many to mention. However, particular people and institu-
tions deserve mentioning. At UNE, I wish to thank my main mentor, Dr
Bertram Jenkins, for his generous support throughout the entire process.
His invaluable guidance, constructive and objective criticisms, suggestions,
as well as timely and honest feedback on various drafts provided the needed
motivation that helped me complete this book. His impeccable sense of
logic and diction enormously improved the manuscript. I am very grateful
for having had the privilege of working with him. I also thank Professor
Helen Ware for her guidance, encouragement and unstinting support, and
also for her critical comments on early drafts and valuable suggestions on
the development of this book. I thank Dr Marty Branagan for his broth-
erly advice and also for encouraging me to publish this book with Palgrave
Macmillan. My thanks also go to Claire Girvin for her support when I under-
took research leading to the writing of this book. I owe a great debt of grati-
tude. I wholeheartedly appreciate the support of Professor Alex J. Bellamy at
the University of Queensland in Brisbane, Australia. Alex was particularly
helpful in sharpening my thinking on key issues. I also owe much thanks
to many other people – both retired and serving military officers, inter-
national civil servants, diplomats, and civil society organisations among
others in Africa and Australia for granting me interviews and participating
in my research.
I conducted interviews about this project in four African countries –
Nigeria, Ghana, Liberia and Ethiopia – between January and May 2011 and
in Australia between July and November 2011. I thank the following people
for their contributions to the success of the project: Professors Osita Agbu
and Charles Dokubo (Nigerian Institute of International Affairs), Colonel
viii
Acknowledgements ix
Abiodun Oluwadare (rtd) and Mrs Maureen Ogbonna-Nwaogu (National
Open University of Nigeria), Mr Godwin Unumeri (Population Council,
Nigeria), Mrs Julie Sanda and Dr C. Nna-Emeka Okereke (African Centre for
Strategic Research and Studies, National Defence College, Abuja), Brigadier
Generals C.T. Olukoju and Ezekiel Olofin, Colonels Austin Agundu, Tope
Aroso, Nicholas Rogers, I.N. Ijioma, Adeosun Lamidi Adebayo, Owolabi,
Olubunmi Irefin (Nigeria Army Headquarters, Abuja), Brigadier General
Olubunmi Bamidele Akintola (rtd), Colonel Umar (Tego Barrack, Apapa,
Lagos), Professor Mojeed Olujinmi Alabi (University of Ilorin, Nigeria),
Professor Charles Ukeje (Obafemi Awolowo University, Nigeria), Dr David
Aworawo (University of Lagos, Nigeria), Dr J. Shola Omotola (Redeemer
University, Nigeria), Dr Groupson-Paul Okechukwu (Federal University,
Ndufualike Ikwo, Nigeria), Mr Demola Akinyoade, (Afe Babalola University,
Nigeria), Rt Hon. Najeem Salaam Folasayo (Speaker, House of Assembly,
State of Osun, Nigeria) and Major General Festus Okonkwo (rtd) (former
ECOMOG Force Commander in Liberia and former AMIS Force Commander
in Darfur). In Ghana I thank Dr Quassy Adjapawn (Ghana Institute of
Management and Public Administration, Accra), Lt Colonel Emmanuel
Kotia, Major Albert Ogaja (Ghana Army Headquarters, Accra), Navy
Captains Kofi Faidoo and S. W. Anim (Ghana Naval Headquarters, Accra),
Major Anorph Barnabas Akabong (Headquarters, South Command, Kpeshi,
Accra), Mr Francis Kojo Azuimah and Mr Louis Kuukpen (United Nations
Development Programme, Accra), General Henry Anyidoho (rtd) (former
Deputy Force Commander UNAMIR in Rwanda, and former Deputy Head of
Mission UNAMID in Darfur) and Mr Augustus Yaw Nti. In Liberia, I appre-
ciate the support of Mr Chris Agoha, Mr Chijioke Ononimu, Lt Colonel M.T.
Abudullahi and Squadron Leader Emmanuel Gadzama (United Nations
Mission in Liberia, UNMIL), Major AFK Adasu and (Warrant Officer) Igwilo
(Nigeria Battalion, NIBATT 25, UNMIL), Prosper Nii Nortey Addo and Lt
Colonel Hesty Simaanya (African Union Liaison Office, Liberia), Mr Jackson
Oyetomi and Brother Lanre of Paynesville, Monrovia. In Ethiopia, thanks
to Drs Solomon Ayele Dersso, Taddele Maru Mehari, Lansana Gberie, and
Mr. Hallelujah Lulie (Institute for Security Studies, Addis Ababa), Dr Jean
Bosco Butera (Director, University for Peace (UPEACE) – Africa Programme),
Dr Nora, L. Sophie, Michelle Ndiaye Ntab, Charles, and Frank Djan Owusu
(Institute for Peace and Security Studies, Addis Ababa University), Professor
Mbaya J. Kankwenda (Congolese Institute for Development Research and
Strategic Studies, Kinshasa and Institute for Peace and Security Studies, Addis
Ababa University), Ambassador Rodney S. Kiwa, Drs Dawit Toga, Takwa
Zebulon Suifon, and Mr El-Ghassim Wane (African Union Commission),
Mr Fitsum Zewdu Mulugeta (Ethiopian Economic Policy Research Institute,
Addis Ababa). I wholeheartedly thank my brother, Dr Wuyi Omitoogun of
the African Union Commission, whose efforts made it possible for me to
conduct interviews at the Commission. I would like to say an extra ‘thank
