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Westview Studies in Insect Biology
Michael D. Breed, Series Editor
The "African" Honey Bee, edited by Marla Spivak, David J.C. Fletcher,
and Michael D. Breed
Biocontrol of Arthropods Affecting Livestock and Poultry, edited by
Donald A. Rutz and Richard S. Patterson
Applied Myrmecology: A World Perspective, edited by Robert K.
VanderMeer, Klaus Jaffe, and Aragua Cedeno
The Genetics of Social Evolution, edited by Michael D. Breed and
Robert E. Page, Jr.
The Entomology of Indigenous and Naturalized Systems in Agriculture,
edited by Marvin K. Harris and Charlie E. Rogers
Interindividual Behavioral Variability in Social Insects, edited by Robert
L. Jeanne
Integrated Pest Management on Rangeland: A Shortgrass Prairie
Perspective, edited by John L. Capinera
Management ofP ests and Pesticides: Farmers' Perceptions and Practices,
edited by Joyce Tait and Banpot Napompeth
Fire Ants and Leaf-Cutting Ants: Biology and Management, edited by
Clifford S. Lofgren and Robert K. VanderMeer
The "African" Honey Bee
EDITED BY
Marla Spivak, David J.C. Fletcher,
and Michael D. Breed
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Contents
1 Introduction, Marla Spivak, David J. C. Fletcher,
and Michael D. Breed
PART ONE
SYSTEMATICS AND IDENTIFICATION
2 Systematics and Identification of Africanized
Honey Bees, Howell V. Daly 13
3 Genetic Characterization of Honey Bees Through
DNA Analysis, H. Glenn Hall 45
PART TWO
THE SPREAD OF AFRICANIZED BEES AND
THE AFRICANIZATION PROCESS
4 Interdependence of Genetics and Ecology in a
Solution to the African Bee Problem,
David J.C. Fletcher 77
5 The Processes of Africanization, Thomas E. Rinderer
and Richard L. Hellmich II 95
6 Africanized Bees: Natural Selection for Colonizing
Ability, Francis L. W. Ratnieks 119
7 The Africanization Process in Costa Rica,
Marla Spivak 137
8 Honey Bee Genetics and Breeding, Robert E. Page, Jr.,
and Warwick E. Kerr 157
9 Continuing Commercial Queen Production After
the Arrival of Africanized Honey Bees,
Richard L. Hellmich II 187
PART THREE
POPULATION BIOLOGY, ECOLOGY, AND DISEASES
10 The Inside Story: Internal Colony Dynamics of
Africanized Bees, Mark L. Winston 201
11 Population Biology of the Africanized Honey Bee,
Gard W. Otis 213
12 Foraging Behavior and Honey Production,
Thomas E. Rinderer and Anita M. Collins 235
13 Aspects of Africanized Honey Bee Ecology in
Tropical America, David W. Roubik 259
14 Bee Diseases, Parasites, and Pests, H. Shimanuki,
D. A. Knox, and David De long 283
PART FOUR
DEFENSIVE BEHAVIOR
15 Defensive Behavior, Michael D. Breed 299
16 Genetics of Defensive Behavior I,
Anita M. Collins and Thomas E. Rinderer 309
17 Genetics of Defensive Behavior II,
Antonio Carlos Stort and Lionel Segui Gon~alves 329
PART FIVE
BEEKEEPING IN SOUTH AMERICA
18 Beekeeping in Brazil, Lionel Segui Gon~alves,
Antonio Carlos Start, and David De long 359
19 The Africanized Honey Bee in Peru,
Robert B. Kent 373
20 Beekeeping in Venezuela, Richard L. Hellmich II
and Thomas E. Rinderer 399
Author Index 413
Subject Index 421
1
INTRODUCTION
Marla Spivak,1 David J.C. Fletcher,2 and Michael D. Breed3
This book is the first review of the scientific literature on the Africanized
honey bee. The African subspecies Apis mellifera scutellata (formerly adansonii)
was introduced into South America in 1956 with the intent of cross-breeding it
with other subspecies of bees already present in Brazil to obtain a honey bee
better adapted to tropical conditions. Shortly after its introduction, some of the
African stock became established in the feral population around Sao Paulo,
Brazil, and spread rapidly through Brazil. It has since migrated through most of
the neotropics, displacing and/or hybridizing with the previously imported
subspecies of honey bees. Africanized bees have been stereotyped as having high
rates of swarming and absconding, rapid colony growth, and fierce defensive
behavior. As they have spread through the neotropics they have interacted with
the human population, disrupting apiculture and urban activities when high
levels of defensive behavior are expressed.
Our goal as editors was to bring together the large body of information that
has become available concerning the Africanized bee and its spread and impact
through the New World. Accordingly, we present chapters from a diversity of
authors, include important research not previously reviewed in English, and
cover a wide range of scientific methods including both basic and applied
research. A couple important investigators were unwilling or unable to deliver
promised chapters; nevertheless, we feel that this book is a success in that it
brings some much needed objective balance and clarity to a subject that has often
been clouded by emotions.
1 Dr. Spivak is a Research Associate in the Center for Insect Science, University of
Arizona, Tuscon, AZ, 85719, USA. Her address for correspondence is the USDA, Carl
Hayden Bee Research Laboratory, 2000 E. Allen Rd., Tuscon, AZ 85719, USA.
2Professor Fletcher is in the Department of Biology and Program in Animal
Behavior, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA, 17837, USA.
3Professor Breed is in the Department of Environmental, Population and Organismic
Biology, The University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0334, USA.
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