Table Of ContentThe Addiction-Prone
Personality
LONGITUDINAL RESEARCH IN THE
SOCIAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
An Interdisciplinary Series
Series Editors:
Howard B. Kaplan, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
Adele Eskeles Gottfried, California State University, Northridge, California
Allen W. Gottfried, California State University, Fullerton, California
THE ADDICTION-PRONE PERSONALITY
Gordon E. Barnes, Robert P. Murray, David Patton, Peter M. Bentler,
and Robert E. Anderson
DRUG USE AND ETHNICITY IN EARLY ADOLESCENCE
William A. Vega, Andres G. Gil, and Associates
DRUGS, CRIME, AND OTHER DEVIANT ADAPTATIONS
Longitudinal Studies
Edited by Howard B. Kaplan
PREMARITAL PREDICTION OF MARITAL QUALITY OR BREAKUP
Research, Theory, and Practice
Thomas B. Holman and Associates
RESILIENCE AND DEVELOPMENT
Positive Life Adaptations
Edited by Meyer D. Glantz and Jeannette L. Johnson
A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each
new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further
information please contact the publisher.
The Addiction-Prone
Personality
Gordon E. Barnes
University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
Robert P. Murray and David Patton
University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
Peter M. Bentler
University of California, Los Angeles, California
and
Robert E. Anderson
University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
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Preface
The production of this book represents a culmination for me of some 25 years of
interest in the field of personality and substance use and abuse. In choosing the
field of substance use and abuse for the focus of our research, all of the investiga-
tors collaborating in this research have been sustained by the awareness that the
work we are doing has an important purpose. Substance abuse continues to have
enormous impacts on individuals and families, and prevention and treatment ap-
proaches developed to date have not always been as successful as we would hope
to see. New advances in our fundamental understanding of the causal mecha-
nisms involved in the development of addiction may be necessary to advance our
success in developing new forms of prevention and treatment for alcohol and
drug abuse.
The work in this book builds on the work of numerous previous investiga-
tors who have been drawn to investigate this topic. As you will notice in the
extensive reference list, there have been hundreds of articles published on this
topic. Although each of these references has added a small piece to our under-
standing of the relationship between personality and alcohol abuse, the majority
of these studies have been done on clinical samples and often involved no control
groups or poorly matched control groups. Several important previous longitudi-
nal investigations have been conducted, but these investigations have usually not
included general population samples or comprehensive personality test batteries.
The current investigation is also unique in that a clinical sample is also included
and compared with the general population sample, and an adoption study was
conducted to examine the environmental factors associated with the development
of the Addiction-Prone Personality.
The conceptual and methodological focus for this book has been influenced
by many mentors. My interest in the areas of personality, substance abuse, and
V
vi Preface
structural equation modeling were nurtured while studying with Paul Kohn at
York University. An interest and appreciation for the importance of conducting
research in the general population was developed while taking a course on psy-
chiatric epidemiology with Alexander Leighton. An appreciation for the impor-
tance of the life span approach to research, and the importance of parenting in the
development of the individual was developed while I was teaching in the Family
Studies Department at the University of Manitoba.
The completion of the project has involved the cooperation of numerous
collaborators, some of whom are included as coauthors of the book. Bob Murray
and I have shared an interest in substance abuse epidemiology for some 20 years,
and Bob has added expertise in conducting survey research to the research team.
I was first introduced to Peter Bentler while attending a workshop on structural
equation modeling at the International Congress of Psychology inAcapulco. Sub-
sequently, I spent some time studying with Peter at UCLA while on sabbatical
and fortunately was able to persuade him to join our research team to provide
methodological expertise in structural equation modeling and longitudinal re-
search. David Patton is a former graduate student and has played an active part in
all phases of the research starting with the data collection in Manitoba and con-
tinuing through to the completion of the data analysis. Rob Anderson is also a
former student who has played a large role in analyzing the data for this project
and completing the chapters on the clinical study.
The three studies described in this book and the completion of this book
were supported by funding from a variety of sources. The Winnipeg Health and
Drinking Survey was funded by the National Health Research and Development
Program of Health Canada as part of the National Alcohol and Drug Strategy. The
clinical study described in this book was conducted with the support of the Alco-
holism Foundation of Manitoba and was funded by the Manitoba Health Re-
search Council. The Vancouver Family Survey was funded by the National Health
Research and Development Program. Peter Bentler’s participation in this project
was facilitated by grant DA01070 from the National Institute on Drug Abuse. Rob
Anderson’s participation in this research was made possible by the financial support
he received from the Alcohol and Drug Programs Division of the British Colum-
bia Ministry of Health and the British Columbia Health Research Foundation.
The analysis and dissemination of the results from the Winnipeg Health and
Drinking Survey described in this book have been greatly enhanced by the large
number of graduate students who have participated in the research, including Len
Greenwood, Reena Sommer, Shaila Khan, Lana Feinstein, Maureen Rodrique,
Carole Beaudoin, and Christine Kreklewetz. Data collection for the Vancouver
Family Survey was accomplished through the assistance of the Health Promotion
Centre at the University of British Columbia, under the direction of Lawrence
Green. Anne George provided the project management for this study, and her
good nature and competence in managing this difficult task is much appreciated.
Preface vii
The completion of this book required a considerable amount of effort by
secretarial and other support staff. The bulk of this work was completed by Caroline
Green and Katherine Woodhouse. Throughout the completion of all three of these
studies, Terry Perkins has been involved as an interviewer and data analyst, and
in drawing the structural equation models. Terry’s agreeableness and conscien-
tiousness in completing all of these tasks has been very much appreciated. The
assistance of Elizabeth Houck in editing and proofreading was very helpful.
Rob Anderson would like to thank all of those who gave him encouragement
and inspiration along the way. This includes the other authors of the book; his
loving parents and sister; and the growing number of people with addiction-prone
personalities who, after having directly experienced the isolation and degrada-
tion of active addiction, now offer each other ongoing support in recovery fellow-
ships like Narcotics Anonymous and Alcoholics Anonymous.
The completion of the three studies described in this book placed a large
burden on all of the participants in this research. Two of the studies were longitu-
dinal in nature, and the other study required participation by three family mem-
bers. All of the studies involved completing questionnaires and interviews that
were lengthy and complex. We would like to express our sincerest thanks to all of
the respondents who made this work possible by taking the time to participate in
this research.
Although the completion of the three research studies—and production of
this book—has been a lengthy and difficult task, it has been a process that pro-
duced many enjoyable moments along the way. Whether these moments included
working on proposals late at night, analyzing data in various locations ranging
from the University of Manitoba to the University of Victoria and UCLA, or at-
tending conferences to present our findings all over the world, the process has
been enhanced by the warm relationships enjoyed with colleagues and students
who have worked on this project.
Gordon E. Barnes
Contents
PART I. INTRODUCTION
1. Introduction ...................................................... 3
2. Personality and Alcohol Abuse................................... 17
1. Extraversion-Introversion.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.1. Clinical Alcoholic Personality Reasearch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.1.1. Trait Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.1.2. State Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.1.3. Alcohol Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.2. Prealcoholic Personality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.2.1. Longitudinal Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.2.2. High-Risk Studies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
. .
2. Psychoticism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.1. Clinical Alcoholic Personality Research . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.1.1. Trait Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.1.2. Clinical Diagnoses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.1.3. Antisocial Behaviors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.1.4. Cognitive Functioning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.2. Prealcoholic Personality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.2.1. LongitudinalResearch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.2.2. High R- isk Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3. Neuroticism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.1. Clinical Alcoholic Personality Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.1.1. Trait Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
ix
X Contents
3.1.2. Clinical Diagnoses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.1.3. State Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.2. Prealcoholic Personality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.2.1. Longitudinal Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.2.2. High-Risk Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.2.3. Cross-Sectional Studies of Young Heavy Drinkers . . . . . . . . . 56
4. Ego Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.1. Clinical Alcoholic Personality Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.1.1. Trait Measures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.1.2. Clinical Diagnoses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . 60
4.1.3. Alcohol Effects on Self-Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.2. Prealcoholic Personality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.2.1. Longitudinal Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1
4.2.2. High-Risk Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
5. Field Dedpendence-Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
5.1. Clinical Alcohol Personality Research. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
5.2. Prealcoholic Personality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
5.2.1. High-Risk Studies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
6. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
PART II. THE WINNIPEG HEALTH AND DRINKING SURVEY
3. Methodology .......................................................... 71
1. Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
2. Wave 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
2.1. Eligibility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
2.2 Finding the Sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
2.2.1. Response Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
2.2.2. Refusal Rates by Each of the Six Age/Gender Cel.ls . . . . . . 73
2.3. Sample Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
2.3.1. Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
2.3.2. Gender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
2.3.3. Marital Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
2.3.4. Ethnicity and Racial Origins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
2.3.5. Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
2.3.6. Religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
2.3.7. Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
2.4. Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
2.4.1. Personality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
2.4.2. Alcohol Use Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
