The ABCs of Environmental Regulation

378 Pages·2002·23.91 MB·English

by  Ph.D.

The ABCs of Environmental T
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Regulation, 2nd Edition e
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The newly updated and revised ABCs of Environmental Regulation, 2nd Edition from
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GovernmentInstitutestakesapracticalandbasicapproachtoexplainingthescopeofenvi-
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ronmental regulations and providing concise yet comprehensive discussions of 38 federal
environmental acts. o
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Writteninnon-technicallanguage,thispopularhandbookofferseasy-to-readexplanations E
to benefit a variety of readers,including non-environmental professionals,new and expe- n
rienced environmental professionals, and students.This new edition covers more federal v
acts—many of which are not well known and are rarely discussed in other environmental i
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lawbooks—thanthepreviousedition.Italsoreflectsthechangesthathaveoccurredinthe o
federal environmental regulations,including shifts in Superfund cleanups,chemical safety n
provisions, site security, medical waste restrictions, wetlands protection provisions, and m
contaminated site restorations.
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Each chapter summarizes one key subject area of federal regulation, enabling readers to
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use this book both as a quick-reference guide for understanding the scope, issues, and a
focus of the federal programs and as a concise macro-picture of the federal environmen- l
talregulations.Summariesincludehistory,requirements,permits,technology,enforcement R
measures,locations of species of particular concern,special programs,related regulations, e
and compliance pertaining to each regulation.A unique timeline of federal environmental g
regulation is also included. u
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Programs covered include air, water, waste and storage tanks, safety, contaminant release
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response,and nature and natural resources.Acts covered include the CleanAirAct,Noise i
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Control Act, Clean Water Act, Oil Pollution Act, Resource Conservation and Recovery Act,
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OccupationalSafetyandHealthAct,ToxicSubstancesControlAct,EmergencyPlanningand
Community Right-to-Know Act, Superfund, Soil and Water Resources Conservation Act,
and Endangered SpeciesAct.
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New areas covered in this edition include Prevention of Pollution from Ships, Shore d
Protection Act, National Coastal Zone Monitoring Act, Estuary Restoration Act, Organotin E
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Antifouling Paint ControlAct,and international environmental and quality standards (ISO).
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About the Author: Joel B. Goldsteen is a nationally certified city and regional planner, an o
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architect, and a professor in the School of Urban and Public Affairs at the University of
Texas atArlington.Dr.Goldsteen is the author of Texas Environmental Regulations Manual,also
published by Government Institutes.
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For orders and information please contact the publisher t
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Government Institutes,an imprint ofThe Scarecrow Press,Inc. e
A wholly owned subsidiary of n
The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group,Inc.
4501 Forbes Boulevard,Suite 200 ISBN 978-0-86587-949-2
Lanham,Maryland 20706
1-800-462-6420
fax [phone]
http://govinst.scarecrowpress.com

The ABCs of
Environmental Regulation
2ndE dition
Joel B. Goldsteen
PhD, AICP, NCARB, AIA
Government Institutes
An imprint of
The Scarecrow Press, Inc.
Lanharn, Maryland Toronto Oxford
2005
Government
Institutes
Published in the United States of America
by Government Institutes, an imprint of The Scarecrow Press, Inc.
A wholly owned subsidiary of
The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc.
4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200
Lanham, Maryland 20706
http://govinst.scarecrowpress.com
PO Box 3 17 Oxford, OX2 9RU, UK
Copyright O 2003 by Government Institutes
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
without the prior permission of the publisher.
The reader should not rely on this publication to address specific questions that
apply to a particular set of facts. The author and the publisher make no
representation or warranty, express or implied, as to the completeness,
correctness, or utility of the information in this publication. In addition, the
author and the publisher assume no liability of any kind whatsoever resulting
from the use of or reliance upon the contents of this book.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Goldsteen, Joel B.
The ABCs of environmental regulation: understanding the federal
programs1Joel B. Goldsteen.-2nd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographic references and index.
ISBN: 0-86587-949-4
1. Environmental law-United States. I. Title.
KF3775.G65 2002
344.73'046--dc21 2002033911
he
paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of
American National Standard for Information Sciences-Permanence of
Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSIINISO 239.48-1 992.
Manufactured in the United States of America.
Section One: The Framework
Chapter 1: Introduction
............................................
Understanding Programs and Agencies 3
Chapter 2: Summary Perspectives
....................................................................
Overview of Programs 9
Chapter 3: National Policy
.......................................
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) 19
Chapter 4: Federal Agency Requirements
.............................
Environmental Quality Improvement Act (EQIA) 25
Chapter 5: Preventing Pollution
.......................................................
Pollution Prevention Act (PPA) 27
Section Two: Air
Chapter 6: Air Pollution
.....................................................................
Clean Air Act (CAA) 33
Chapter 7: Sound
............................. . ...............................
Noise Control Act (NCA) 59
Chapter 8: Aircraft Sound
..............................................
Airport Noise Abatement Act (ANAA) 63
Section Three: Water
Chapter 9: Water Pollution
.......................... ... .............................
Clean Water Act (CWA) 69
Chapter 10: Drinking Water
...............................................
Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) 91
iv The ABCs of Environmental Regulation
+:+
Chapter 11: Oil Spills into Water
.............................................................
Oil Pollution Act (OPA) 107
Chapter 12: Ocean Dumping
...........
Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act (MPRSA) 113
Chapter 13: Ocean Dumping and Ships
.............................. . .....
Prevention of Pollution from Ships (PPS) 119
Chapter 14: Ocean and Paints
...........................
Organotin Antifouling Paint Control Act (OAPCA) 123
Chapter 15: Shore Protection
Public Vessel Medical Waste Antidumping Act
......................
(PVMWADA) and the Shore Protection Act (SPA) 125
Section Four: Waste and Tanks
Chapter 16: Solid Waste
...................................... ... .....
Solid Waste Disposal Act (SWDA) 129
Chapter 17: Hazardous Waste
..........................
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) 139
Chapter 18: Storage Tanks
..........................
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) 151
Chapter 19: Federal Compliance
............................. . ........
Federal Facility Compliance Act (FFCA) 165
Section Five: Safety
Chapter 20: Workplace
............ ................
Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSH) 171
Chapter 21: Chemicals
.......................................................
Toxic Substances Control Act 179
Chapter 22: Pesticides
...........
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) 189
Chapter 23: Land
...................
Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA) 195
Contents 9 v
Chapter 24: Nuclear Safety
............................................................
Atomic Energy Act (AEA) 203
Section Six: Responding to Contaminant Releases
Chapter 25: Public Notice and Spill Planning
...
Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) 211
Chapter 26: Hazardous Waste Spill Cleanup
Comprehensive Response, Compensation,
.....................................
and Liability Act (CERCLA)/Superfund 217
Chapter 27: Asbestos in Buildings
.....................
Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act (AHERA) 233
Section Seven: Nature and Natural Resources
Chapter 28: Extinction
........................................
Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) 241
Chapter 29: Shoreline
........................................
Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA) 245
Chapter 30: Coastal Ecosystem
.............................
National Coastal Zone Monitoring Act (NCZMA) 251
Chapter 3 1: Estuaries
............................. . ....................
Estuary Restoration Act (ERA) 253
Chapter 32: Species Protection
................................................
Endangered Species Act (ESA) 257
Chapter 33: Forests and Ranges
Forest and Rangeland Renewable
...........................................
Resources Planning Act (FRRRPA) 261
Chapter 34: Soil and Water
....................
Soil and Water Resources Conservation Act (SWRCA) 265
Chapter 35 : Ecosystem
.................................................
Antarctic Protection Act (AAPA) 267
vi *:* The ABCs of Environmental Regulation
Chapter 36: Wetlands
Coastal Wetlands Planning. Protection.
........................................
and Restoration Act (CWPPRA) 269
Chapter 37: Non-native Species
Nonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance
.....................................
Prevention and Control Act (NANPCA) 273
Chapter 38: Land
........................
Federal Land Policy and Management Act (FLPMA) 277
Chapter 39: Offshore
..................................
Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act (OCSLA) 281
Chapter 40: Undeveloped Land
...................................................................
Wilderness Act (WA) 285
.....
Appendix 1: Chronology: 55 Years of Environmental Regulation 287
............................
Appendix 2: IS0 14001 and Federal Regulation 295
......
Appendix 3: Number System for Federal Laws and Regulations 299
..................................................................................
Acronyms 305
...................... ............ ............................................
Endnotes 313
........................................................................................
Index 329
...............................................................................................
Preface xxi
Section One: The Framework
Chapter 1: Introduction
...................................................
Understanding Programs and Agencies 3
Overview .............................................................................................................3.
Scope of Protection ......................................................................................... 3
Office Locations of the EPA and States in Each Region ................................. 5
Programs. Laws. Acts. and Regulations .......................................................... 6
Air programs ........................................................................................................6
Water programs .................................................................................................. 7
Waste programs .................................................................................................... 7
Other programs ..................................................................................................... 7
Chapter 2: Summary Perspectives
.............................................................................
Overview of Programs 9
Overview .............................................................................................................. 9
Environmental Content Areas and Scope of Protection ................................ 9
List of Acts ..................................................................................................... 10
Air programs .....................................................................................................1. 1
Water programs ..................................................................................................1 2
Waste programs .................................................................................................. 13
Federal facilitg compliance programs ................................................................... 14
7bxic substance programs .................................................................................... 14
Responding to contaminant release programs .......................................................1 5
Chapter 3: National Policy
...............................................
National Environmental Policy Ad (NEPA) 19
Overview ............................................................................................................1 9
National Environmental Policy Act Acronyms ........................................ 19
NEPA. Need and Background ....................................................................... 19
Structure and Public Policies ........................................................................ 20
Interdepartmental environmental protection ......................................................... 21
Federal Domestic and Foreign Policy ........................................................... 22
Good Science and Innovative 'Ethnology Promoted ................................... 22
Chronology of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) ............................... 23
vii
viii *:* The ABCs of Environmental Regulation
Chapter 4: Federal Agency Requirements
.....................................
Environmental Quality Improvement Act (EQIA) 25
Overview .................... . .................................................................................. 25
Environmental Quality Improvement Act Acronyms .................................. 25
Agency Compliance Is Mandated ................................................................ 25
Reports and funding ............................................................................................ 26
Chronology of the Environmental Quality Improvement Act (EQIA) ...................... 26
Chapter 5: Preventing Pollution
.................................... ... .......................
Pollution Prevention Act (PPA) 27
Overview ........................................................................................................2..7
Pollution Prevention Acronyms ................................................................... 27
Preventing Pollution ..................................................................................... 28
Requirements ......................................................................................................2 8
EPA Support to Owners. Operators. and States ..................................................... 29
Source reduction reporting ................................................................................... 29
CSI. XL. and NEPPS programs ............................................................................2 9
Chronology of Pollution Prevention Act (PPA) ........................................................ 30
Section Two: Air
Chapter 6: Air Pollution
............................................................................
Clean Air Act (CAA) 33
Overview ............................................................................................................3 3
Clean Air Act Acronyms ............................................................................... 34
Regulating Air ............................................................................................... 34
Sources of Air Contaminants ........................................................................ 35
Maximum Achievable Emissions Limitations
and Other Protection Programs .............................................................. 37
Prevention of significant deterioration program ............................................. 38
Risk identification program .................................................................................. 38
Accidental release controls ................................................................................... 39
Acid rain controls ................................................................................................3 9
Visibility protection and air quality ...................................................................... 39
Fuels. Additives. and Mobile Sources of Emissions ..................................... 40
Acid in the air ....................................................................................................4. 2
Ozone ........................................................................................................... 43
Lower atmospheric ozone .................................................................................... 45
Stratospheric ozone protection ..............................................................................4 5
Air Emission Standards ................................................................................ 46
Meeting the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) ............................ 47
Nonattainment areas ..........................................................................................4. 7
State Implementation Plans ......................................................................... 49