The ABC and XYZ of bee culture : an encyclopedia pertaining to scientific and practical culture of bees

641 Pages·1980·37.61 MB·English

by  A I Root

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AR.opIoCe.tor mmopifas nRsyei.po rnbo ydt uhcee d
madinRocyecr puoormftfoeih dnciuthsc e ti ino n
as sttaohm oets hee fisosur bmrj eescttr ictions
document.o orfi ginatlh e
and XYZ of
The ABC
Bee Culture
An encyclopedia pertaining
to scientific and practical
culture of bees
By A. I. Rout
rednuoF fo ehT .A .I tooR ynapmoC
dlia fo sgninaelG ni Bee .erutluC
desiveR yb E. R. ,tooR LLD.
H. H. tooR
J. .A tooR
L. R. Golk
ppbiishcd by The A. 1; Root Company, Medhr, Ohio, U.S.A.
thgirypoC 1980 yB ehT .A .I tooR Co.
1877 Prefke to First Edition
In preparing this work I have been much indebted to the books of
Langstroth, Moses Quinby, Prof. A. J. Cook, and some others, as well as to
all of the bee journals, but, more than to all these, have I been indebted to
the thousands of friends scattered far and wide who have so kindly fur-
nished the fullest particulars in regard to all the new improvements as they
have come up in our beloved branch of rurak indus’try. Those who ques-
tioned me so much z. few years ago are now repaying by giving me such
long kind letters iu rmswer to any inquiry I may happen to make that 1 of-
ten feel ashamed to think what meager answers I have been obliged to give
them under similar circumstances. A great part of this ABC book is really
the work of the people; and the task that devolves on lme is to collect, con.
dense, verify, and utilize what has been scattered through thousands of
letters for years past. My own apiary has been greatly devoted to testing
I carefully each new device, invention, or process as it came up. The task
has been a very pleasant one, and if the perusal of the following pages af-
fords you as much pleasure I shall feel amply repaid.
November, 1877 A. I. ROOT
Introductiont o the First Edition
BY A. I. ROOT
About the year 1885, during the month of August, a swarm of bees
passed overhead where we were at work, and my fellow-workman, in an-
swer to some of my inquiries respecting their habits, asked what I would
give for them. I, not dreaming he could by any means call them down, of-
fered him a dollar, &nd he started after them. To my astonishment, he, in a
short time, returned with them, hived in a rough box he had hastily picked
up, and at that moment I commenced learning my ABC in bee culture. Be-
fore night I had questioned not only the bees but every one I knew who
could tell me anything about these strange new acquaintances of mine. Our
books and papers were overhauled that evening; but the little that I found
only puzzled me the more, and kiudled anew the desire to explore and fol-
low out this new hobby of mine; for dear reader, I have been all my life
much given to hobbies and new projects.
Farmers who kept bees assured me that they once paid, when the
country was new, but of late years they were no profit, and everybody was
,’ abandoning the business. I had some headstrong views in the matter, and
in a few days I visited Cleveland, ostensibly on other business, but I had
really little interest in anything until I could visit the bookstores and look
over the books on bees. I found but two, and I very quickly chose Lang-
stroth. May God reward and forever bless Mr. Langstroth for the kind
PBEFACE
and pleasant way in which he unfolds to his readers the truths and wonders
of creation to be found inside the heehive.
What a gold mine that book seemed to me as I looked it over on my
journey home! h’ever Was romance so enticing-no, not even Robinson
Crusoe; and, best of all, right in my own home I could live out and verify
all the wonderful things told therein. Late as it was, I yet made an obser-
vatory hive and raised queens from worker eggs before winter, and wound
up by purchasing a queen of Mr. Langstroth for $20.00. I should, in fact,
have would up the whole business, queen and all, most effectually, had it
not been for some timely advice toward Christmas, from a plain, practical
farmer near by. With his assistance, and by the purchase of some more
bees, I brought all safely through the winter. Through Mr. Langstroth I
learned of Mr. Wagner, who shortly afterward was induced to recommence
the publication of the American Bee Jou-nal, and through this I gave ac-
counts monthly of my blunders and occasional successes.
from
In 1867 news came across the ocean from Germany of the honey-
extractor; and by the aid of a simple home-made machine I took 1000
pounds of honey from 20 stocks, and increased them to 35. This made
quite a sensation, and numbers embarked in the new business; but when I
lost all but 11 of the 35 the next winter, many said, “There, I told you how
it would turn out.”
I said nothing, but went to work quietly and increased the 11 to 48
&ring the one season, not using the extractor at all. The 48 were wintered
entirely without loss, and I think it was mainly because I took care and
pains with each individual colony. From the 48 I secured 8,162 pounds of
extracted honey, and sold almost the entire crop for 25 cents per pound.
This capped the climax, and inquiries in regard to the new industry began
to come in from aI.I sides. Beginners were eager to know what hives to
adopt, and where to get honey-extractors. As the hives in use seemed very
poorly adapted to the use of the extractor, and as the machines offered for
sale were heavy and poorly adapted to the purpose, there really seemed to
be no other way before me than to manufacture these implements. Unless
I did this I should be compelled to undertake a correspondence that would
occupy a great part of my time without affording any compensation of any
account. The fullest directions I knew how to give for making plain sim-
ple hives, etc., were from time to time published in the American Bee Jour-
na!; but the demand for further particulars was such that a circular was
prmted, and shortly after a second edition; then another, and another. These
were intended to answer the greater part of the queries; and from the cheer-
ing words received in regard to them it seemed :that the idea was a happy
one.
Until 1873 aII these circuIars were sent o& gratuitously but at that
time it was deemed best to issue a quarterly at 25 cents per year, for the
purpose of answering these inquiries. The very first number was received
with such favor that it was immediate’v changed to a monthly at 75 cents.
The name of it was Gleanings in Bee culture, and it was gradually enlarg-
ed until, in 1876, the price was changed to $1.00. During all this time it has
served the purpose excellently of answering questions as they came up,
both old and new; and even if some new subscriber should ask in regard to
something that had been discussed at length but a short time before, it was
an easy matter to refer him to it or send him the number containing the
subject in question.
When Gleanings was about commencing its fifth year, inquirers began
to dislike being referred to something that was published half a dozen years
before. Besides, the decisions that were th.%na rrived at perhaps needed to
be considerably modified to meet present .zIElllts. Now you can see whence
the necessity for this ABC book, its office and place we propose to have
tf fill.
=anber, 1878 A. I. BOOT
Prefice to this Edition
tI sah ton neeb thguoht yrassecen ot ecudorper eht secaferp fo hcae -deeccus
gni noitide fo siht work. llA dlot ereht evah neeb ruof-ytriht snoitide htiw na
etagergga latot fo revo 500,000 seipoc gnidulcni esoht detnirp ni ngierof .seirtnuoc
tI erofereht seripsnart taht eht book, ABC fo Bee ,erutluC nettirw yb .A .I ,tooR
rof srennigeb sah yllanif depoleved otni eht ARC r6 XYZ fo Bee .erutluC
hguohtlA .A .I Root’s htlaeh dewolla mih ot dneps ylno tuoba neetfif evitca
sraey ni gnipeekeeb dna eeb ylppus gnirutcafunam eh sselehtreven dah a yrev
dnuoforp tceffe on eht gnipeekeeb .yrtsudni nI ynam stcepser eh thgim eb demret
a gnipeekeeb .tsilegnave He dehcaerp eht enirtcod fo nredom .gnipeekeeb He
was gnoma eht tsrif ot tniop tuo taht eht htortsgnaL evih dna emarf erew roirepus
ot lla esoht .gnidecerp He did hcum ot ezidradnats gnipeekeeb tnempiuqe dna
yllaicepse eht ,evih gnikam srepus elbaegnahcretni htiw doorb .srebmahc
Prior to
sih stroffe ereht erew yllacitcarp sa ynam tnereffid sepahs dna sezis fo sevih dna
semarf sa ereht erew .srepeekeeb
rehtonA fo .A .I Root’s snoitubirtnoc ot eht gnipeekeeb yrtsudni was sih
ytiliba ot evorpmi on eht saedi fo srehto ot ekam gnipeekeeb a lacitcarp dna -tiforp
elba .noitacov He did ton tnevni bmoc noitadnuof tub devorpmi eht noitcudorp
fo ti ot ekam ti yllaicremmoc lufsseccus yb gnipoleved eht noitadnuof llim dliw b
eht ecnatsissa fo .A Washburn.
He osla did ton tnevni eht noitces bmoc yenoh box tub eh was eht tsrif ot
erutcafunam pound snoitces yb eht .sdnasuoht
He devorpmi eht edurc wooden rotcartxe detnevni yllanisiro ni ynamreG
yb gnikam ti fo latem dna gnidivorp rof eht leer ylno ot nips ni it yranoitats .knat
esehT era tsuj a few fo eht ynam tnempiuqe stnemevorpmi .A .I tooR detubirtnoc
ot eht gnipeekeeb .yrtsudni
txeN ot sih laicremmoc bmoc ,noitadnuof spahrep sih tsetaerg noitubirtnoc
ot eeb erutluc was sih nalp rof gnippihs sselbmoc seeb yb liam dna sserpxe ni
,retrauq-eno flah-o dna eno pound eriw .segac yadoT sderdnuh fo sdnasuoht fo
seeb tuohtiw sbmoc era tnes morf htuoS ot htroN yllaunna dna s’yadot nredom
yrtsudni sah depoleved sa a tluser fo taht .noitnevni Dr. E. F. ,spillihP
package bee
neht daeh fo eht laredeF Bee erutluC hcraeseR yrotarobaL ,dias eroM“ naht yna
rehto ,nam .A .I tooR dezalb eht yaw rof lacitcarp eeb .erutluc He was ni ,tcaf
eht tsilegnave who detniop eht yaw ot sdohtem fo gnipeek seeb taht dezinoitulover
eht .yrtsvdni He saw taht gnipeekeeb thgim emoceb a laicremmoc ytilibissop sa
llew sa .”emitsap
a
nI tuoba 1885, when .A .I Root’s htlaeh nageb ot ,liaf ti emaceb yrassecen
rof mih ot llac upon eht ecnatsissa fo sih ,nos E. R. ,tooR who demussa eht -rohtua
pihs fo tneuqesbus .snoitide E. R, sa eh was yletanoitceffa known yb sih ,sdneirf
was sa yllativ detseretni ni gnipeekeeb dna eht eebyenoh sa sih .rehtaf tI was na
gnimusnoc-lla noitacov dna ybboh htiw mih tuohguorht sih gnol dna evitca .efil
So taep was sih noitubirtnoc ot gnipeekeeb taht ni 1944 Ohio etatS ytisrevinU
dewotseb upon mih na yraronoh rotcoD fo Laws .eergeD tA taht emit rewef
naht ytrof hcus seerged dah neeb dedrawa yb Ohio etatS .ytisrevinU
hguohtlA E. R. tooR yluferac desivrepus hcae noisiver fo ABC litnu sih
htaed ni 1953, ni tuoba 1949 eh dehsiuqniler eht pihsrohtua ot sih regnuoy ,rehtorb
Huber ,tooR who dah ylsuoiverp edam ynam snoitubirtnoc ot ABC ni eht sdleif
fo sih tsetaep .ecneirepxe Huber ,tooR hguohtla gnieb llew demrofni on -peekeeb
gni ni ,lareneg si ylbaborp tseb known rof sih egdelwonk fo ,xawseeb gnivah
nettirw eht book, “Beeswax, stI ,seitreporP ,gnitseT noitcudorP dna .‘*snoitacilppA
hguohtlA eh was ton ylevitca devlovni ni eht tsal two snoisiver fo ABC, sih tsap
snoitubirtnoc evah neeb .ynam ehT tsal fo .A .I Root’s ,gnirpsffo Huber tooR
dessap yawa yirae ni 1972.
ehT
Consulting Editors
nI eht noitaraperp fo eseht etal snoitide sa llew sa lareves fo esoht hcihw
prececte ehtd, rohtua sah dezilaer taht no e9o nam nac eb na trepxe ni lla sdleif
fo gnipeekeeb dna rof siht nosaer eh sah deksa e& ecnatsissa fo niatrec gnidael
nem ni eht ,yrtsudni htob cifitneics dna ,lacitcarp who thgim eb deredisnoc
&rotide nem- who evah edam a laiceps vdua fo r.+aqec senil fo work dna who
era dedrager sa seitirohtua ni rieht ralucitrap sdleif fo .noitagitsevni
emoS fo eseht gnitubirtnoc srotide evah nettirw eiohw selcitra hcihw eht -ua
roht sah decalp ni rieht reporp lacitebahpla ,redro ,srehto spahrep a ,ytirojam
evah dehsinruf snoitseggus dna lairetam hcihw eht rohtua sah detaroprocni ni
selcitra nettirw yb .flesmih
nI lla fo siht eht rohtua stimda eht seitluciffid ni gnicalp reporp noitaulave
upon eht work fo hcae eno fo eht srotide detlusnoc dna eh lliw ton tpmetta ot do
SO.
cifitneics seditrA
oT tsom fo eht cifitneics stcejbus ereht si dehcatta a .yhpargoilbib ehT
lanigiro secnerefer fo eseht era ot eb dnuof ni eht Dr. relliM lairomeM yrarbiL
ta ,nosidaM ,nisnocsiW ro ta eht tooR-htortsgnaL lairomeM yrarbiL ta llenroC
,ytisrevinU ,acahtI New York.
yrss3llolG
sihT noitide sniatnoc a yrassolg hcihw sevig eht noitinifed fo nommoc -eeb
gnipeek .smret tI si depoh siht ecnerefer lliw dia eht gninnigeb .repeekeeb ni
gnidnatsrednu eht erom lacinhcet snoitrop fo siht work.
PREFACE
.A .I ROOT
me rednuof of The .A .1 Root Company and of
Gfeanings ni eeB erutluC and eht tsrif rohtua of eht
CBA of Bee .erutluC
tA eht emit of .A .1 s’tooR death ni ,3291 eht folfow-
gni appeared ni eht anideM ytnuoC Gazette:
somA“ .1 Root was eno of eht most remarkable nem
of eht tsap two ,snoitareneg remarkable ton ni eno way.
tub ni many ways. siH was a dedis-ynam character, if
yna man reve had .eno ,rotnevnI .retirw manufacturer,
*,rehsilbup ,rekniht ,tsiporhtnalihp reformer, ,tsilarom
,tsirutlucirga .naitsirhC nI lia of eseht sih character was
marked. and eh was a .redael nI most of them eh loomed
.egral nevE sa na .tsirutlucirga eh dellit eht lios ni a
modest way, tey sa ni gnihtyreve esle eh dellecxe ni .siht
For eh ton ylno made two sedalb of ssarg grow ereh-v
ylno eno grew before. tub eh was gifted htiw eht ytilil;a
to make sgniht grow erehw yeht had reven grown before.
nI many ways sth noitatuper was world-wide.”
.A .I RCOT
E. R. ROOT
If yna man noc yal mialc to gnivah tsuj eno ssenisub
,tsere?ni that man si .E R. Root. Next to sih family an-d
hcruhc seeb and yenoh evah always neeb sih ,ybboh sih
profe&on, sih .efil As etal sa yaM ,32 ,0591 eh -nep
,dias I“ evah reven cared for ,gnihsif ,gniflog or
sively
rehto games. I evah always dekil tseb to eb htiw and
dnuorl: yenoh .srecudorp I ekil to wonk rieht seirrow and
smelborp and 1 ekil to pleh them nehw I ”.nac eH
ekops ylerecnis gnirrefer to a gnimoc ’srepeekeeb meet-
reven gnizilaer that sih rehtorb dluow remember
%‘words and drocer them .ereh - H. H. ROOT.
R. Root
E.
J. .A ROOT
nhoJ .A Root si eht nos of nalA .I Root and eht great
nosdnarg of .A .I Root who dednuof sgninaelG in Bee
erutluC ni .3781 sihT lanruoj sah bran dehsilbup -noc
ylsuounit reve ,ecnis and ti si gnitseretni to eton that eh
si eht htruof noitareneg of stooR to evres no eht staff,
and to evah detubirtnoc to eht gnitide and noisiver of
eht CBA and ZYX of eeB .erutluC
nhoJ Root graduated from oihO nayelseW ,ytisrevinU
devres ni eht detinU setatS riA ecroF eerht sraey and
flew sa a troosnart tolip and aircraft Commander. Re-
gninrut to an’ideM eh took pu eht seitud of gniganaM
rotidE of sgninaelG and sah made snoisiver ni eht -ts13
ht43 snoitide of CBA & .ZYX eH si yltneserp na etaicossA
rotidE of sgninaelG ni eeB .erutluC
.1 .A Root
A
AB C OF BEEKEEPING.-Before the It has been said that when a colo-
reader plunges into this work he ny has decided to send out no more
swarms all the young queens In the
should procure the companion volume,
hive are sent out, or, it may be, al-
“Starting Right with Bees”, a small lOO-
lowed to go out with the last one.
page book for beginners. In a short
Whether this is true or not is uncer-
time he will get a bird&eye view of the
tain. But during the swarming sea-
whole subject, making what now fol-
son some novice usually writes about
lows under alphabetical headings, very
the wonderful fact of having found
much more easily understood. three or four, or perhaps half a doz-
Of course, one who has had so&e ex- en queens in one swarm. On one oc-
perience with bees, does not need a be- casion a man who weighed over 200
ginner’s hook, and he can pick out such pounds ascended to the top of an
subjects, found in their alphabetical apple tree during a hot July day to
order, on which he desires further in- hive a small third swarm. He soon
formation. came down in breathless haste to
If the beginner does not have this say that the swarm was all queens;
and in proof of it, he brought two or
basic knowledge and wishes to proceed
three in his closed-up hand.
immediately, the fol!owing list of sub-
jects is here suggested to be taken up in In the box hive days (See l3ox
ing; Extracting; Comb Hone?: Spring Man-
agement; Uniting and Wintinng. The other
subjects rnzzbzn u in any order
Af? er reading the
t!i%erF% e re indic&ed. one will have
ground-work that will make it easier to
understand any particular subject that may
interest the begmmr in beekeeping.
AFTERSWARMING.-All swarms
that come out after the first swarm,
or are led out by a virgin queen or
a plurality of them, are termed af-
terswarms: and all swarms after the
first are accompanied by such virgin
queens. There may be from one to
a dozen swarms, depending on the
yield of honey, amount of brood or
larvae, number of queens, and the
weather. But, whatever the number,
they are all led off by queens reared
from one lot of queen cells. and the
number of bees accompanying them
is. of necessity, less ea.ch time. The
last swarms frequently contain no
more than a pint of bees. and. if
hived in the old way would be of
little use under almost any circum-
stances. Yet. when supplied with
combs already built and filled’with
honey, such as every eniightened Swarms wU1 land in the strangest places.
apiarist should always keep in store, The swarm shown here will not be diffi-
cult to hive since it is close to the ground.
they may develop into the very best An empty hive can be placed on the ground
of colonies. for they have young and before this swarm and the bees can be
coaxed toward the entrabce with smoke
vigorous queens.
and light brushing.
1
2 REIFA SWARMNG
Hives) afterswarming was consider- any afterswarmL.g, and a surplus of
ed a sort of necessary evil that had young queens will have to fight it
to be tolerated because it could not out among themselves. The new
be avoided. But in a well regulated queen will be mated in the regular
apiary it should not be allowed. way. In a comparatively short time
Many consider it good practice to the parent colony witi be strong
permit one swarm-the first one- enough for wi&zr.
after which all others are restrained.
(2) The first swarm is axowed to
Cutting out all the queen cells but come forth and while it is ti the air
‘he parent colony is removed from
its stir? and placed a few inches to
one side, iriii& its entrance pcinting
at right angl+!s to its forrnes goaltion.
Tf the old hive Wed the East, it will
now look toward the North. Anoth-
MalUng and introducing cage.
er hive is placed on the old stand,
filled wic& frame; of wired fgunda*=
one may have the effect of prevent-
Eion. The swarm is put in the hive
ing a second swarm. But the prac-
on the old stand, and at the end of
tiee is not here recommended cbief-
two days the parent hive is turned
ly because one caRnot be sure that
are-und so that its entrance points
he destroys alJ but one cell. If there
in the same direction as the hive
are two cells not of the same age,
that now has the swarm. Just as
the occupant of one of them, upon
noos
as young queens of the parent
emerging, is likely to bring out an
colony are about to emerge, it is car-
afterswarm. As long as there are
ried to a new location during the
young queens to emerge there is
middle of the day or when the bees
danger of an afterswarm.
are flying the thickest. This should
Cell cutting* for the prevention of
be done carefully without disturb-
these little swarms & a waste of
ing ,the colony, so the bees will not
time, alt’lough some cut out cells to
mark the new location when I.zavin$
prevent prime or first swarms. There
the hive. Wsually this is done o.
are %o plans, b&h of which are
good: the seventh or eighth ds,:; after tPre
(1) The wings of all laying queens i’
in the apiary are clipped. (See How
. . t
I
i$k!ZtZ) aAs?ttZi ttli%Ei s:E
comes forth, and while the bees are !’
in the air, the queen, if clipped, is
found in front of the entrance of the
old hive. She is caged, and the old
hive is lifted off the old stand, and
an empty one containing frames of
foundation or empty combs is put in
its place. A queen excluding honey
board is then put on top, and on this
are placed the supers taken from the
old hive. The queen in her cage is
placed in front of the entrance, and New hive with supers on old stand.
Old hive turned aside.
the old hive is next carried to an en-
tirely new location. In the mean-
time the swarm returns to find the prime swarm issues. The result is
queen at the old stand, and when the tbat these bees will go back to the
bees are well started to running into hive having the swarm.
the entrance she is released and al- This, like the other method de-
lowed to go with them. The old or scribed, so depletes the parent hive
flying bees left in the old colony, that any attempt at afterswarming
now on the new location, will go is effectually forestalled.
back to the old stand to strengthen The only reason for turning the
the swarm. This will so depopulate entrance of the old hive to one side
the parent colony that there will at first is to prevent any of the bees
hardly be bees enough left to cause from entering it while the swarm is
*For description of cells see Brood and being hived in the new one, and un-
Brood Rearing. til the bees of the new swarm be-
AGE OF BEES 3
in this field has been that of mark-
ing a sufficient number of bees in
any particular colony so that each
bee could be recognized individually
throughout its life. This difficulty
was overcome by using the method
mentioned by von Frisch ireh is paper
of 1920 when he first made public
his work on the “dances” of the
workers. The hive used by Rosch
consisted of several frames so ar-
ranged that each side of each frame
was exposed to view through glass.
The work covers three years begin-
ning in 1922.
The Duties of Young Bees
Before Flight
In general, Rosch confirms earli-
er work showing that, under normal
Old hive set close to new to be moved conditions, about the first three
away on seventh day. weeks are given over to hive duties,
and the remainder of life to field
come accustomed to the new order
of things. In making artificial duties. He found the average dura-
swarms it is not necessary to turii tion of the worker’s life in the busi-
the entrance of the old hive away, est period of the year to be about
for in this Case there is less danger five weeks. The period of hive du-
of the bees of the swarm entering ties is divided into two parts, the
first of which begins with three days
the old hive.
While the second plan gives a larg- devoted to cleaning out cells fcr the
er force of bees to tne :y+Marrni,t re- queen to lay in, and is followed by
quires more work than the first one. about ten days given over to nurs-
It i,c the better plan at a home yard ing larvae. The second part of the
or where one can be present. period of hive duties, about a week
-if nursing continues until the thir-
AGE OF BEES.-It may be rather teenth day-is a period of varying
difficult to decide how long a work- hive duties such as guarding, stow-
er bee would live if kept from wear- ing away pollea, carrying out debris,
ing itself out by active labors of the and the like.
field. It would certainly be six No hard and fast time limits are
months, perhaps a year, but the av- given for any duties, since, with the
erage life during the summer time exception of the first three days an
is not over three months, and per- excess of bees for any one activity
haps during the height of the main may lead to this excess performing
bloom nbt over four or six weeks. other duties, and vice versa. For
Under normal conditions, roughly the first three days, however, the
the first half of the worker’s life, or only work performed by the worker
about three weeks, is given over to after cleaning its body on emergence
hive duties, and the last half to field and getting food from other bees, is
work. The exact sequence varies to clean out brood cells. In the
according to conditions present for course of the process the cell is lick-
all of the duties within the hive. Al- ed with the tongue, and this appar-
though it is commonly accepted that ently leaves an odor since the queen
younger bees function as nurses, the was observed to pass over all cells
relative ages at which such duties as not so treated. Several different
guarding, carrying out debris, tzik- bees or even the same bee may visit
ing incoming nectar from field bees, a cell in succession, but no worker
and stowing away pollen have re- was seen to be the first to clean out
mained unknown till lately. To G. the cell from which she had emerg-
A. Rosch, who has been working ed, others usually entering while
with l?rof. Dr. von Frisch, of Ger- she was cleaning herself up. These
many, goes credit for throwing more young bees were never seen to gnaw
light on those four duties as well down any capping left on brood
as furnishing interesting details on cells. This duty remains for older
the nursing period. One difficulty bees. During the first two or three