Table Of ContentA-Z Skeletal Muscles14:A to Z Book 7/05/10 11:01 AM Page A
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Dr A. L. Neill
BSc MSc MBBS PhD FACBS
[email protected]
A-Z Skeletal Muscles14:A to Z Book 7/05/10 11:01 AM Page C
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A-Z Skeletal Muscles14:A to Z Book 7/05/10 11:01 AM Page 1
The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles
Introduction l
This is the fourth revision of the first A to Z book, and many thlings
have changed. The clinical aspects of muscle grouping and itesting
has been expanded, due to strong feedback, but the listinge of the
muscles and their illustration are largely unchanged.
There are now 7 in the A to Z series of pocket-sized medical reference
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books (see the back of the book for details) - 2 considering organs of
the body, and also 2 posters on medical education on with supportive
website, where all the A to Z material can be accessed as well as
additional material: www.aspenpharma.com.au/atlas/student.htm
a
Any corrections b/n reprints are placed on this site so that the latest
version and comments re any of the A to Z books may be viewed as
soon as possible. d
As usual the A to Zs get better if there is feedback – please send
us your comments and suggestions.
a
Acknowledgement
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Thank you ASPENpharmacare Australia for your support & assistance in
this valuable project, particularly Mr. Greg Lan CEO of Aspenpharmacare
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Australia, Rob Koster, Richard Clements and Ante Mihaljevic of TM
Graphic Design & everyone who provided valuable feedback.
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Dedication
To AA and ZZ I love you.
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How to use this book
The structure of the A to Z books grows and develops with each
publication, but trhe principle of listing structures in an alphabetical
manner as far as possible and hence making the book its own index
D
for easy retrieval has been maintained. However this is now done
after first dividing the material into a number of main topics for
example muscle groups acting on significant joints, examination,
palpation and testing of muscle groups prior to the main listing of
each an©d every muscle - excluding some of the detailed Head and
Neck muscles which can be found in the A to Z of the Head & Neck.
1 © A. L. Neill
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The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles
Features are named using in the most familiar terms anld those
agreed upon by anatomical nomenclature convention avoiding
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eponymous terms wherever possible but as with all anatomical
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studies sometimes several terms are used to name the same feature.
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Wherever this is common and to save confusion reference is made to
each term. Similarly between disciplines such as radiology and
osteology as well as anatomy the same view mNay be described
several different ways, so when this is also common and to provide
clarity these terms are mentioned. In some cases with complex
muscles - several views of the same musc le are also supplied.
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The text under each muscle in the main listing consists of basic
minimal information such as the : Origin (O), Insertion (I), Action (A),
d
Blood Supply (BS), Nerve Supply (NS), Nerve Root origin (NR) and
functional tests (T).
The test section is by no means acomplete, although in this edition it
has been added to in the front of the book with illustrations of testing
of major muscle groups. It isn also expanded in the A to Z of
Peripheral Nervesand will be further explored in the A to Z of
muscle and PN testing.
a
Capitalization is used to demonstrate the muscles and bones and
important componentsm.
It is hoped that this will prove a valuable resource for those working
on muscle examination exercise and recovery in whatever field.
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Any suggestions on format or inclusions will be gratefully received
This book is cross-referenced with all the other A to Zs
Thank you
r
AmanDda Neill
BSc MSc MBBS PhD FACBS
ISB N 978 0 9806959 6 0
©
© A. L. Neill 2
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The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles
Table of contents l
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Introduction 1
i
Acknowledgement e1
Dedication 1
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How to use this Book 1
Table of Contents 3
Abbreviations 4
a
Common Terms Used in the Study & Examination
of Skeletal Muscles, Nerves & Bondes 5
Structure & Substructure of Skeletal Muscles 11
a
Definition of Tendons & Ligaments 10
Neuro-Muscular Junction 13
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Neuro-Muscular Spindle 15
Neuro-Tendinous Spindlea 15
Anatomical Planes & Relations 17
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Anatomical Movements 19
Classification, Naming & Examination of Muscles 25
Myotomes A 27
Muscle Innervation at the Spinal Cord level 28
Segmental Mo tor Nerve Diagram 33
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Summaries Of Skeletal Muscle Groups 35
ExaminatioDn of Skeletal Muscles - major groups 61
Index - Alphabetical Listing Of Muscles 69
©
3 © A. L. Neill
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The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles
Abbreviations LL = lower limb l
lig = ligament
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A = actions /movements of LP = lumbar plexus
a joint Lt. = Latin i
aa = anastomosis or anastomoses MC = metacaerpal / metacarpo-
adj. = adjective (hand)
aka = also known as MCP = metacarpo-phalangeal
ALL = anterior longitudinal ligament med = meNdial
alt. = alternative MT = metatarsal / metatarso (foot)
ant. = anterior N = nerve
art. = articulation (joint w/o the NR = nerve root origin
additional support structures) NS = nervous supply / nerve
a
AS = Alternative Spelling, generally system
referring to the diff. b/n NT = nervous tissue
British & American spelling Od = origin
ASIS =anterior superior iliac spine P = phalangeal / phalanges /
(of hip bone) phalango-
b/n = between apl. = plural
BP = brachial plexus PLL = posterior longitudinal
BS = Blood Supply n ligament
C = cervical PN = peripheral nerve
c.f. = compared to post. = posterior
CN = cranial nerve aR = right / resistance
CNS =central nervous system ROM = range of motion
Co =coccygeal S = sacral
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CP =cervical plexus sing. = singular
collat.= collateral SC = spinal cord
CSF = Cerebrospinal fluid SN = spinal nerve
CT = connective tissue SP = spinous process / sacral
e.g. =example A plexus
EC =extracellular (outside the cell) SS = signs and symptoms
ES = Erector Spinae group of T = TEST / thoracic
mus cles TOS = thoracic outlet syndrome
ext. = extensor (as in muscle to TP = transverse process
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extend across a joint) UL = upper limb, arm
Gk. =DGreek VB = vertebral body
I = insertion VC = vertebral column
IC = intercarpal / intercarpo - (b/n w/n =within
wrist) w/o = without
IM C = intermetacarpal wrt = with respect to
©IP = interphalangeal (b/n fingers / & = and
toes)
IT = intertarsal / intertarso
jt(s) =joints = articulations
L = lumbar / left
© A. L. Neill 4
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The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles
Common terms in the Study and Examinatioln of
Skeletal Muscles, Nerves and Bones l
Ala wing used for winglike process e.g. on thei hip bone
Ankle bend ie the “bend” b/n the leg and foot
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Ante before - in front of
Aperture an opening or space between bones or within a bone
Aponeurosis expanded end of a tendon - sheet oNf fibrous tissue
allowing for muscle insertion
Appendicular (skeleton) that which is not axial i.e.the upper and lower limbs
Areolar air filled bone - tooth socket
Articulation joint, which is a point of contact b/n 2 opposing bones
Axial(skeleton) refers to the head &trunk (vaertebrae, ribs &sternum)
of the body.
Basilar relating to the base or bottom of structures
Basocranium base of the skull d
Brachi pertaining to the arm (upper arm)
Brevis short
Buccal relating to the cheeka
Canal tunnel / extended foramen
Capitus/Caput relating to the head
Carpi/Carpo- relating to the wnrist
Carotid “to put to sleep”related to the carotid BVs in the
neck which when compressed can put a person to sleep
Cavity/Cavernous an open areaa or sinus w/n a bone or formed by 2or
more bones- used interchangeably with fossa.
Cephalic/Cephalo- pertaining to the head
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Cervical/Cerivco- pertaining to the neck
Cilli/Cillia pertaining to the eyelash / hair
Colles referring to the “collar” or neck
Cochlea a snail, snaillike relating to the organ of Corti in the
ear A
Condyle a rounded enlargement /process possessing an
articulating (joint) surface.
Cornu a horn as on the Hyoid bone
Corona a crown. adj.- coronary, coronoid or coronal;hence
ra coronal plane is parallel to the main arch of a crown
which passes from ear to ear (c.f. coronal suture).
Costa / Costal Dreferring to the ribs
Cranium / Cranus the cranium of the skull comprises all of the bones of
the skull except for the mandible, referring to the
skull generally excluding the facial bones
Crest prominent sharp thin ridge of bone formed by the
© attachment of muscles particularly powerful ones eg
Temporalis / Sagittal crest
Cuneate / Cuneus a wedge / wedge-shaped
Cutus referring to skin,hence cutaneous branches of Ns go
to the skin
Deltoid D-Shaped
5 © A. L. Neill
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The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles
Dens/ Dentine/ Dentate a tooth,relating to teeth, denticulate hlaving tooth-like
projections (see odontoid)
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Depression a concavity on a surface
Diaphragm a partition or separating wall i
Diaphysis the body of a long bone. In the young this is the
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region between the growth plates.
Digit / Digitorum relating to the fingers or toes
Dislocation a displacement of anything Nparticularly bone (also
called luxation)
Distal further awayfrom the core opposite to Proximal
Dorsal / Dorsi relating to the back or the back of something e.g. the
hand
Elbow any bend in the arma referring to the elbow b/n arm
and forearm
Eminence a smooth projection on a bone.
Epi- on top of d
Epiphysis the end of a long bone beyond the growth plate
(epiphyseal plate) - 2 epiphyses to each long bone.
Facet a face, a smaall bony surface (occlusal facet on the
chewing surfaces of the teeth) seen in planar joints.
Femoris pertaining to the thigh
Fissure a narrown slit or gap from cleft.
Foramen anatural hole in a bone usually for the transmission
of blood vessels and/or nerves. (pl. foramina).
Fornix an aarch
Fossa a pit, depression, or concavity, on a bone, or from
several bones as in temporomandibular fossa- more
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like a “bowl” than a cavity
Fovea a small pit (usually smaller than a fossa)- as in the
fovea of the occlusal surface of the molar tooth.
Fracture break # particularly of bone
Genio/Genu Apertaining to theknee
Geneio pertaining to the chinadj. geneio
Glossus / Glosso pertaining to the tongue
Gluteal / Gluteus pertaining to the buttocks
Groove long pit or furrow, as on the Humerus
Hamus r a hook hence the term used for bones which “hook
around other bones or where other structures are
able D to attach by hooking - hamulus = a small hook.
Hyoid U-shaped
Incisura a notch.
Inter between (b/n)
Int ra within (w/n)
©Lacerum something lacerated, mangled or torn eg foramen
lacerum small sharp hole at the base of the skull
often ripping tissue in trauma.
Lacrimal related to tears and tear drops. (noun lacrima)
Lamina a plate as in the lamina of the vertebra a plate of bone
connecting the vertical & transverse spines (pl. laminae)
© A. L. Neill 6
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The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles
Lesion deficit or injury - lack of function arising from palthology
Ligament fibrous tissue joining bone to bone
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Linea a line as in the nuchal lines of the Occiput, linea
aspera of the Femur i
Lingual pertaining to the tongue
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Lip projection over the usual margin - e.g. the Glenoid lip
(often pathological)
Locus a place (c.f. location, locate, dislocNate).
Longus long
Lumbar back - generally the lower part of the back (lumbago)
Magnum large pl magna
Mandible from the verb to chew, hence, the movable lower jaw;
adj.- mandibular. a
Mastoid a breast or teat shape - mastoid process of the
Temporal bone.
Maxilla the jaw-bone; now usedd only for the upper jaw; adj.-
maxillary.
Meatus ashort passage; adj.- meatalas in external acoustic
meatus connecting athe outer ear with the middle ear.
Medulla middle
Mental relating to the chin (mentum = chin not mens = mind)
Metaphysis the slightly expannded end of the shaft of a bone.
Mylo- relating to the molar teeth (from grinding as in a mill)
Notch an indentation in the margin of a structure.
Nucha the nape ora back of the neck adj.- nuchal.
Oblique / Obliquuis pertaining to a slope or slant e.g. muscles slanting
downwards etc
m
Occiput the prominent convexity of the back of the head
Occiput = Occipital bone adj. occipital
Oculus / Ocular an eye / relating to an eye
Odontoid relating to teeth, toothlike see Dens
Omo- pAertaining to the shoulder
Orbit a circle; the name given to the bony socket in which
the eyeball rotates;adj - orbital.
Orifice an opening.
Oris / Ora relating to the mouth
Os / Osseus / Ossrei a bone / bonelike, referring to bone
Ostium a door, an opening, an orifice.
Ovale DOval shaped
Palate a roof adj.- palatal or platatine.
Palm / Palmar referring to the palm of the hand - anterior in the
anatomical position
Palpebra pertaining to the eyebrow
Parietal© pertaining to the outer wall of a cavity from paries, a wall
Parotid pertaining to a region beside or near the ear
Pars a part of
Pectus/ Pectorial referring to the anterior wall of the chest / breast
Pennate resembling a feather
Peroneus referring to the lower legadj. - peroneal
7 © A. L. Neill
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The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles
Phalanx/Phalanges small bones of the fingers or toes -3/lfinger (2/thumb
2/big toe)
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Piriform pear shaped
Plantae referring to the sole of the footadij - plantar
Process a general term describing any marked projection or
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prominence as in the mandibular process.
Prominens a projection
Prone to place face down,or lie onN the anterior surface
(opposite supine)
Pterygoid wing-shaped
Pubis/Pubic “hairy”, pertaining to the hairy part of the hip
Quadratus square or rectangular s haped
Radial/Radialis pertaining to the radaial or lateral bone of the forearm
Recess a secluded area or pocket;a small cavity set apart
from a main cavity.
Rectus straight - erect d
Rhomboid rhomboid shaped (squashed, leaning square)
Ridge elevated bony growth often roughened.
Risorius laughter, smaile
Root the segments of origin as in Nerve Root (NR) of the
Peripheral Nerve made up from several points of exit
from then SC
Rotundum round
Sagittal an arrow;the sagittal suture is notched posteriorly,
makaing it look like an arrow by the lambdoid sutures.
Salpingo pertaining to a tube
Scalene uneven, one side very different to the other
m
Sesamoid grainlike
Sigmoid S-shaped, from the letter Sigma which is S in Greek.
Sinus a space usually within a bone lined with mucous
membrane, such as the frontal and maxillary sinuses
Ain the head, (also, a modified BV usually vein with an
enlarged lumen for blood storage and containing no or
little muscle in its wall). Sinuses may contain air,
venous or arterial blood, lymph or serous fluid
depending upon location and health of the subject
r adj.- sinusoid.
Skull the skull refers to all of the bones that comprise the
D head.
Spine a thorn - descriptive of a sharp, slender
process / protrusion. adj. - spinous
Splanchocranium refers to the facial bones of the skull - most muscles
to this region are innervated by the Facial (CN VII) and
© Trigeminal (CN V) nerves.
Subluxation partial dislocation of bone, generally in the VC, used
to account for any mechanical impediment to N function
Sulcus long wide groove often due to a BV indentation
Supine to place face up or to lie on posterior surface
(opposite prone)
© A. L. Neill 8
